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Debiasing Framing Effects in Auditors' Internal Control Judgments and Testing Decisions*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1997 14(2), 55-77
Abstract. This paper reports the results of an experiment examining the framing bias and a potential debiasing technique. Practicing auditors formed a judgment about a hypothetical client's inventory internal control system to determine the amount of related substantive testing. Auditors from two Big Six firms were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a fully crossed 2 times 2 between‐subjects design. The initial description of the internal control system was identical for all treatments, as were the items of additional evidence about the system. Auditors either judged the risk of the control system or the strength of the control system. The risk‐strength frames were crossed with two levels of debiasing technique: “none” or “evidence rating.” Results indicate that without debiasing, significant framing effects were present, but that evidence rating significantly mitigated the framing effect. In this auditing context, the framing bias appears to be easily induced, but is not robust. Although the profession should be aware of this potential problem, effective remedial or proactive steps can be easily implemented and may naturally occur in current practices.

Good judgment in public accounting: Quality and justification*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1987 4(1), 287-313
Abstract. A description of factors contributing to good judgment is developed by considering both the process of exercising judgment and the results of having exercised it. Factors are developed from public accountants' perceptions of important components in characterizing good professional judgment in public accounting. Descriptive data about important judgment quality factors are presented and hypotheses concerning justification are tested using responses to a process‐oriented questionnaire. The emphasis is on the natural environment of the professional accountant and the types of judgment situations which occur in the field, with reliance on respondents to interpret their own comments. The questionnaire results provide a description of judgment factors which professional accountants see as important. Factor categories related to expectation, outcome, and justification perspectives on judgment quality are shown to play a role in defining good judgment, with variations related to position (level of responsibility) in the accounting firm. The results also indicate that justification is perceived differently by people in different positions. Résumé. Les auteurs décrivent les facteurs contribuant à la qualité du jugement en prenant en considération à la fois le processus d'exercice du jugement et les résultats de ce processus. Ces facteurs ont été déterminés à partir des éléments perçus par les experts‐comptables comme étant importants dans la définition de ce qu'est un bon jugement professionnel, en expertise comptable. Les auteurs présentent des données descriptives au sujet des principaux indices de qualité du jugement et testent certaines hypothèses relatives à la justification, à partir de réponses à un questionnaire axé sur le processus. Ils s'intéressent à l'environnement naturel du comptable professionnel et aux cas de jugement qu'on retrouve dans la pratique, en confiant aux répondants le soin d'interpréter leurs propres observations. Les résultats du questionnaire offrent une description des facteurs que les comptables professionnels jugent importants dans l'évaluation de la qualité d'un jugement. Il semble que les catégories de facteurs reliées à une évaluation en termes d'attentes, de résultats et de justification jouent un certain rôle dans la définition de ce qu'est un bon jugement, qui varie selon le poste occupé (niveau de responsabilité) à l'intérieur du cabinet comptable. Les résultats indiquent également que l'on perçoit la justification différemment selon le poste.