The Theory of Hedging and Speculation in Commodity Futures Get access Leland L. Johnson Leland L. Johnson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, June 1960, Pages 139–151, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296076 Published: 01 June 1960

Journal Article A Mathematical Formulation of the Ricardian System Get access Luigi L. Pasinetti Luigi L. Pasinetti Harvard University and Cambridge University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 27, Issue 2, February 1960, Pages 78–98, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296129 Published: 01 February 1960

The Equivalence of the Liquidity Preference and Loanable Funds Theories and the New Stock-Flow Analysis Get access Cliff L. Lloyd Cliff L. Lloyd Khartoum Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, June 1960, Pages 206–209, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296083 Published: 01 June 1960

Journal Article State and Regional Payments Mechanisms: Comment Get access Richard L. Pfister Richard L. Pfister Dartmouth College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 74, Issue 4, November 1960, Pages 641–648, https://doi.org/10.2307/1884359 Published: 01 November 1960

We study the small sample properties of the simultaneous equation estimators by a Monte Carlo approach. The four methods of estimation considered are: least squares, two-stage least squares, unbiased and minimumsecond-moment. The last of these four methods possesses the smallest secondorder sampling moments about the true parameter value in a majority of cases, while two-stage least squares shows the smallest bias in all cases. It is also founld that the usual asymptotic standard errors of two-stage least squares give a rather satisfactory picture of the variability of the estimates about the true value. This is not true for the least squares method in all cases considered. Instead, it seems that the classical least squares standard errors measure the variability of the estimates about the biased expectation, not about the true value. In some cases this makes a very large difference. IN A RECENT article Wagner [4] examined certain small-sample properties of limited-information maximum-likelihood, least squares, and instrumentalvariables estimates for two models by a Monte Carlo approach. Although these models are very simple-which is natural enough for a sampling experiment-it seems appropriate for a variety of reasons to consider them somewhat further. First, there are now several alternative estimation procedures available, and it is worth-while to analyse these too. Secondly, by using Wagner's models we can disregard certain methods of estimation for the simple reason that they were already considered by him. Thirdly, it appears that the two equations of both models are in a certain sense of extreme types, so that we may hope that a Monte Carlo approach will shed some light on the particular problems raised by such extremes. Wagner considered only one equation in each model, and one which is over identified. We shall consider also the second equation, which is just-identified. Just-identification implies that the two-stage least squares estimator is identical with the limited information maximum likelihood estimator. Hence we may disregard the latter estimation procedure, the limited