This paper investigates the relationship between a firm′s loan commitment demand and its overall capital structure. I develop a model which demonstrates that a loan commitment leads a firm to higher privately optimal debt level and a lower cost of debt funds; these results are driven by the loan commitment′s ability to attenuate the potential moral hazard problems attendant upon debt financing. I confront the predictions with cross-sectional data, and find that the availability of unused loan commitment financing is positively related to firm leverage and negatively related to cost of debt funds. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D82, G21, G32.

The aggregate rate of R&D in a competitive economy is compared with the optimal rate. The optimal rate of R&D is shown to be the same for all preferences in a broad family, while the competitive rate is sensitive to the form of substitutability among products and so can vary dramatically within a family. The second-best level of R&D is shown to be also common within a family and equal to the optimal rate. Numerical examples suggest that diminishing returns in the innovation technology is the most important potential source for excessive R&D in a competitive economy.

Abstract. Accounting procedures have been suggested as a factor affecting the usefulness of reported earnings for the users of financial statements. However, little evidence exists to confirm the ways in which mandatory changes in income determination rules influence the way the market responds to accounting information. This study expands the existing literature by testing the notion that accounting method choice can affect earnings usefulness for firms engaged in research and development (R&D) activities. We test hypotheses concerning (1) changes in earnings usefulness for firms that switched their R&D accounting method as a result of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 2 ( SFAS No. 2 ); and (2) differences in earnings usefulness between similar firms using different R&D accounting methods prior to the rule change. We find that for our sample of R&D firms, there is a statistically significant decline in earnings usefulness for firms forced to switch from capitalizing to expensing R&D outlays, and that the decline appears to persist over time. In addition, the comparison of earnings usefulness between firms using different R&D accounting methods before SFAS No. 2 indicates that capitalizing firms had significantly higher earnings usefulness than expensing firms. Résumé. L'on a dit des méthodes comptables qu'elles avaient une incidence sur l'utilité des bénéfices déclarés pour les utilisateurs des états financiers. Peu de travaux établissent cependant de quelles façons les modifications obligatoires des règles régissant le calcul des bénéfices influent sur la réaction du marché à l'information comptable. Les auteurs enrichissent la documentation existante en testant la notion voulant que le choix de la méthode comptable puisse influer sur l'utilité des bénéfices dans le cas des entreprises qui poursuivent des activités de recherche et développement (R&D). Ils testent des hypothèses qui ont trat 1) à la variation de l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices dans le cas d'entreprises ayant changé de méthode de comptabilisation des frais de R&D par suite de la publication du SFAS n o 2 et 2) aux différences dans l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices entre entreprises similaires recourant à des méthodes de comptabilisation des frais de R&D qui sont différentes, avant la modification des règles. Dans leur échantillon d'entreprises qui se consacrent à des activités de R&D, les auteurs observent un déclin statistiquement significatif dans l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices chez les entreprises obligées de passer de la capitalisation à la passation en charges des frais de R&D et notent que ce déclin semble persister dans le temps. En outre, la comparaison des données observées chez des entreprises appliquant différentes méthodes de comptabilisation des frais de R&D avant la publication du SFAS n o 2 révèle que l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices des entreprises qui capitalisent leurs frais de R&D est beaucoup plus grande que celle de l'information relative aux bénéfices des entreprises qui imputent ces frais à l'exercice.

The paper presents a dynamic contracting model of myopic firm behaviour caused by the fear of early project termination by outside investors. Although the parties can conclude longterm contracts, asymmetric information between investors and firms can make it impossible to implement profitable long-term projects. The paper characterizes the structure of optimal, renegotiation-proof contracts for unmonitored and monitored finance. Monitoring by investors, although itself subject to distorting incentive constraints, is shown to be able to overcome the short-term bias of investment and thus to lengthen the firms' planning horizon.

This paper extends the standard single-period model of deposit insurance to a mutliperiod setting. It incorporates a variety of features describing bank and regulator behavior, such as endogenous capital adjustments and regulatory forbearance. Budgetary costs of deposit insurance are found using contingent claims techniques. We show how the market value of a bank′s net worth, a critical input of the model, can be estimated using accounting cash flow data and information from aggregate bank stock prices. Using Call Report data on U.S. commercial banks, we provide empirical estimates of the aggregate cost of deposit insurance under alternative regulatory policies. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G13, G21, G28, H61.

Return models (returns regressed on scaled earnings variables) are commonly preferred to price models (stock price regressed on earnings per share). We provide a framework for choosing between these models. An economically intuitive rationale suggests that price models are better specified in that the estimated slope coefficients from price models, but not return models, are unbiased. Our empirical results confirm that price models' earnings response coefficients are less biased. However, return models have less serious econometric problems than price models. In some research contexts the combined use of both price and return models may be useful.

Victor L. Bernard, Robert C. Merton, Krishna G. Palepu, Mark-to-Market Accounting for Banks and Thrifts: Lessons from the Danish Experience, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 1-32