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Where Have All the Union Members Gone?

Journal of Labor Economics 1984 2(2), 175-192
This paper examines trends in union membership during the twentieth century. The hypothesis is advanced that the provision of certain social welfare benefits by government substitutes for the private provision by unions, thereby reducing the attractiveness of union membership. The empirical implications of this hypothesis are examined using time-series data on aggregate union membership for the period 1904-80 and using pooled state data for the period 1964-80. These latter data are used to examine the effect of departures from the traditional doctrine of "employment at will." Both the time-series and the cross-section evidence suggest that government supply of "union-like" services reduces union membership.

La comptabilité ‐ “une des plus belles inventions de l'homme”

Contemporary Accounting Research 1984 1(1), 23-46
Résumé. La comptabilité peut rendre de grands services aux secteurs commercial et financier. Toutefois, on n'en connaîtra pleinement le pouvoir que lorsque ses éléments ne seront plus considérés séparément. Plusieurs personnes ont consacré leur temps à l'enseignement, à la pratique, à la recherche et à l'invention. Cependant le coût du temps et des efforts a été vain puisqu'il subsiste toujours des doutes, des différents et de la confusion. Une meilleure perspective à notre portée pointe à l'horizon. Si les praticiens, les chercheurs et les enseignants se concertaient pour reconnaître l'existence d'une ligne de pensée commune à tous selon laquelle certains objets se vendent et s'achètent, la comptabilité pourrait alors assumer le rôle auquel elle est destinée.

Terborgh's asset replacement formula reconsidered

Contemporary Accounting Research 1984 1(1), 64-76
In 1949 Terborgh of the Machinery and Allied Products Institute (MAPI) developed an approximate decision rule for optimal replacement of assets that deteriorate, taking technological change into account explicitly. The simple rule is essentially equivalent to a full discounting analysis under the same assumptions. More than 30 years later it is still used by U.S. firms and, what is perhaps more important, it is still being taught to engineering students throughout North America. DCF analysis is now much more widely used by firms than the MAPI formula (though often only for major replacements) but, unlike the MAPI formula, often with a total lack of understanding of the nature of the replacement problem. This paper exmaines Terborgh's rule on its own terms (assumptions, approximations) and reveals errors in derivation of the rule, by Terborgh and later by Smith (1961). The original rule is tested against the revised form with these errors eliminated over a range of interest rates, technological and other changes, and is found to be remarkably robust. The topic should be of interest to students in managerial accounting who are concerned with repairs and replacement of capital goods. Résumé. En 1949 Terborgh de Machinery and Allied Products Institute (MAPI) développa une règle de décision approximative pour le remplacement optimal des actifs qui se détériorent. Cette règle tient compte explicitement du changement technologique. La règle simple est essentiellement l'équivalent d'une analyse complète d'actualisation avec les mêmes hypothèses. Plus de 30 ans après, cette règle est toujours utilisée par des entreprises aux Etats‐Unis et, ce qui est encore plus important, elle est toujours enseignée aux étudiants en génie à travers l'Amérique du Nord. L'analyse des flux monétaires actualisés est maintenant beaucoup plus utilisée par les entreprises que la formule MAPI (quoique souvent uniquement pour les remplacements importants) mais, contrairement à la formule MAPI, souvent avec un manque de compréhension total de la nature du problème de remplacement. Cet article examine les fondements de la règle de Terborgh (hypothèses, approximations) et révèle les erreurs de la dérivation de la règle, par Terborgh et plus tard par Smith (1961). La règle originale est testée par rapport à la forme révisée en éliminant ces erreurs pour une fourchette de taux d'intérêt et pour des changements technologiques et autres. Il ressort que la règle originale est remarquablement ferme. Ce sujet devrait intéresser les étudiants en comptabilité de gestion concernés par les réparations et le remplacement d'actifs.

Accounting ‐ “one of the finest inventions of the human spirit”*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1984 1(1), 1-22
To commerce and to finance there can be great service given by accountancy. Its power, though, will not be fully known while bits and pieces stand apart, alone. To teach, to practise, to research, invent, is how the time of many has been spent. But cost of time and effort has been vain; for doubt, dispute, confusion still remain. A better prospect far there is in reach. If those who practise and research and teach were disciplined in such a way that each acknowledged that a common course of thought relates, for all men, to things sold and bought ‐ Accounting, then, might do the job it ought.

Pursuit of an ideal*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1984 1(1), 58-63
My paper was prompted by deviations in the state of the art of accounting from ideals espoused by individual accountants and professional bodies. Professor Benston's defense or advocacy of traditional practice disregards those deviations. He disregards the facts that up‐to‐date prices alone provide serviceable data for the calculation of solvency, debt to equity and asset composition ratios and rates of return, and that only money equivalents or resale prices of assets at a given date can properly be added to derive the asset components of those ratios. Benston contends that traditional accounting may be upheld against exit price accounting on the grounds of its transactions basis, of its longevity, of its cost‐benefit relationship, and of its free and willing acceptance by managers and other parties. There are serious defects in each of these lines of argument; and other critical observations on the use of selling price valuations will not withstand scrutiny. Only the acknowledgment of the flaws in present practice and the pursuit of ideals avowed by the profession will rid its practice of absurdities. Résumé. Les déviations de la pratique comptable par rapport aux idéaux visés par des comptables individuels et par des organismes professionnels m'ont incité à écrire mon article. La défense ou le plaidoyer du professeur Benston en faveur de la pratique traditionnelle ne tient pas compte de ces déviations. Il néglige le fait selon lequel seuls les prix actuels fournissent des données utiles pour calculer la solvabilité, les ratios d'endettement et de composition de l'actif et les taux de rendement; il ne tient pas compte non plus du fait qu'on peut additionner seulement les équivalents monétaires ou les prix de revente des actifs à une date précise pour obtenir les éléments d'actifs de ces ratios. Benston prétend que la comptabilité traditionnelle peut se protéger contre la comptabilité des prix de sortie courants du fait qu'elle s'appuie sur des opérations, du fait de sa longévité, de son rapport coûts‐avantages et de l'appui que lui accordent les gestionnaires et les autres parties. Chacun de ces raisonnements contient de sérieuses lacunes; de plus, d'autres observations critiques sur l'utilisation des évaluations au prix de vente ne résisteront pas à un examen minutieux. La pratique comptable ne sera débarassée de ses absurdités que si on reconnaît ses défauts actuels et que si on poursuit les idéaux que s'est fixée la profession.

A Neoclassical Model of the Balance of Payments

Review of Economic Studies 1984 51(4), 651-664
This paper analyses the transitory and long run effects of devaluation and tariffs, as well as the effects of alterations in the domestic money supply and the terms of trade, for a small country on fixed exchange rates. These issues are investigated in a self-contained dynamic optimization model of the sort popularized by Brock (1974, 1975). Familiar results in the trade literature are thereby explicated for the nonspecialist who is nonetheless familiar with Brock's work. There are some new results regarding the role played by income and substitution effects in determining the consequences of terms-of-trade shifts.

The Transactions Velocity of Money and Its Efficiency

Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 1984 19(3), 339
This paper models the unobservable rate of return on money balances (r) as depending directly on the transactions velocity of money (ν). Approximating this relationship linearly, the efficient markets hyphothesis (EMH) is shown to imply that first differences of the log of ν should either be random or should show negative first-order serial correlation at most. The empirical evidence presented below is consistent with the EMH.

The effect of audit firm size on audit prices

Journal of Accounting and Economics 1984 6(2), 133-151
The effect of audit firm size on prizes is a complex function of competition in the market for audit services, product differentiation, and scale economics to large firms. In this study, a competitive market is supported in Australia with product differentiation to Bif Eight accounting firms. Specially, Big Eight accounting firms have significantly higher audit prices than non-Big Eight firms. This results holds for ‘large’ and ‘small’ auditees. A test is also made of price cutting in the Australian market. Price cutting is defined as lower initial audit fees than continuing engagement fees for a comparable audit. Test results do not evidence price-cutting behavior by accounting firms. There is in fact weak evidence that initial audit fees are higher than continuing engagement fee levels. Higher initial fees suggest that accounting firms may recover at least some of the audit start-up costs immediately.