Abstract In this article we establish cautiousness as a new downside risk aversion measure, using a portfolio problem with a risk-free bond, a stock, and an option. We show that, an investor has higher cautiousness (i) if and only if she is always more likely to buy the option; and (ii) if and only if she always demands more options per share. As an option’s payoff is a convex function, increasing positions in the option increases the convexity of a portfolio, which leads to an increase in skewness. Thus the results in this article establish the link between cautiousness and skewness preference.

[In this article, we suggest an efficient method of approximating a general, multivariate log-normal distribution by a multivariate binomial process. There are two important features of such multivariate distributions. First, the state variables may have volatilities that change over time. Second, the two or more relevant state variables involved may covary with each other in a specified manner, with a time-varying covariance structure. We discuss the asymptotic properties of the resulting processes and show how the methodology can be used to value a complex, multiple exerciseable option whose payoff depends on the prices of two assets.]

Abstract An important determinant of option prices is the elasticity of the pricing kernel used to price all claims in the economy. In this paper, we first show that for a given forward price of the underlying asset, option prices are higher when the elasticity of the pricing kernel is declining than when it is constant. We then investigate the implications of the elasticity of the pricing kernel for the stochastic process followed by the underlying asset. Given that the underlying information process follows a geometric Brownian motion, we demonstrate that constant elasticity of the pricing kernel is equivalent to a Brownian motion for the forward price of the underlying asset, so that the Black–Scholes formula correctly prices options on the asset. In contrast, declining elasticity implies that the forward price process is no longer a Brownian motion: it has higher volatility and exhibits autocorrelation. In this case, the Black–Scholes formula underprices all options.