This paper seeks to understand the recent history of U.S. external imbalances by identifying the "long-run tendency" of the U.S. current account balance and investigating its behavior. The procedure that is adopted is to estimate cointegrating regressions between U.S. exports and imports of goods and services. Estimates from cointegrating regressions between several measures of U.S. exports and imports show that up to about the end of 1983 the U.S. current account tended toward zero. Since that time, there has been an apparent structural shift resulting in a long-run tendency for a deficit in excess of $100 billion per year. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.

David N. DeJong, Steven Husted, Towards a Reconciliation of the Empirical Evidence on the Monetary Approach to Exchange Rate Determination, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Feb., 1993), pp. 123-128

Steven Husted, Tryphon Kollintzas, Import Demand with Rational Expectations: Estimates for Bauxite, Cocoa, Coffee, and Petroleum, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Nov., 1984), pp. 608-618

Purchasing power parity is one of the most important equilibrium conditions in international macroeconomics. Empirically, it is also one of the most hotly contested. Numerous recent studies, for example, have sought to determine the validity of purchasing power parity using data from the post-Bretton Woods float and have reached different conclusions. We assert that most such studies are flawed for two reasons. First, the post-1973 data contain, by definition, only a very limited amount of the low-frequency information relevant for examination of long-run parity. Second, the dynamic econometric techniques used to model deviations from parity are typically quite crude with respect to admissible low-frequency dynamics. Both deficiencies are rectified in the present paper, with dramatic results. We construct a new data set of 16 real exchange rates covering more than a century of the classic gold standard period, and we study deviations from parity using long-memory models that allow for subtle forms of mean reversion. For each real exchange rate, we find that purchasing power parity holds in the long run.

Purchasing power parity is one of the most important equilibrium conditions in international macroeconomics. Empirically, it is also one of the most hotly contested. Numerous recent studies, for example, have sought to determine the validity of purchasing power parity using data from the post-Bretton Woods float and have reached different conclusions. We assert that most such studies are flawed for two reasons. First, the post-1973 data contain, by definition, only a very limited amount of the low-frequency information relevant for examination of long-run parity. Second, the dynamic econometric techniques used to model deviations from parity are typically quite crude with respect to admissible low-frequency dynamics. Both deficiencies are rectified in the present paper, with dramatic results. We construct a new data set of 16 real exchange rates covering more than a century of the classic gold standard period, and we study deviations from parity using long-memory models that allow for subtle forms of mean reversion. For each real exchange rate, we find that purchasing power parity holds in the long run.

In the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in studying the economic relationships between countries through the linkage of large-scale national econometric models. Examples of these projects include Project Link, the RDX2-MPS experiments of the Bank of Canada, and the multicountry model of the Federal Reserve Board. While these models tell us much, they typically suffer from several important problems. First, the linkages are often incomplete. In some cases the separate country models may only be linked via the trade accounts. Or, if capital and factor flows are considered, they are modeled in only a highly aggregated fashion. Second, as Ray Fair (1979) has noted, no model does an adequate job of linking the underlying sectoral flows of funds accounts with the national income accounts. Therefore, in the interest of modeling aggregate relationships, underlying balance sheet constraints may be violated or ignored. This could have, Fair argues, important consequences for empirical results.' In this paper we suggest our own strategy for modeling the economic linkages between any two countries. Our strategy focuses on the underlying flows between these two countries and the sectoral contributions to these flows. That is, we propose to merge the flow of funds accounts via their bilateral balance of payments. We envision an integrated flow of funds accounting framework with the two countries sharing a common balance of payments. This modeling strategy has several advantages. First, our suggested framework could be used, following the strategy of Fair, to supply the financial underpinning for future economic modeling of international linkages of prices and interest rates. The balance sheet constraints inherent in the framework will impart additional information in any statistical estimation of such a model. Second, this strategy should yield a better understanding of a country's balance of payments since it necessarily links domestic decision making with its international outcome. Third, our framework should be useful to policymakers since it would allow them to model the underlying financial implications of proposed policy changes. Finally, the implementation of our proposal could lead to improved accuracy in balance of payments statements. tDiscLussant: John A. Sawyer, University of Toronto.