Journal Article The Maximisation of Profit by a Newspaper Get access W. M. Corden W. M. Corden Melbourne, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 20, Issue 3, 1952, Pages 181–190, https://doi.org/10.2307/2295888 Published: 01 January 1952

Journal Article Mr. Graaf's Producer-Consumer Theory: A Restatement and Correction Get access Robert W. Clower Robert W. Clower Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 20, Issue 1, 1952, Pages 84–85, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296165 Published: 01 January 1952

SUMMARY THE TECHNIQUES of linear programming are here explained in a commercial application-blending aviation gasolines. Blending is critically important to almost all other areas of programming in an integrated oil company. Intelligent programming of production, transportation, manufacturing, or marketing generally requires solution of blending problems as an initial or integral part of the whole process for it is in blending that the final outputs are determined. In the first part of the paper, questions of optimum programming in a given technological and institutional structure are explored. Computations are executed primarily by means of the simplex technique of Dantzig [4]. Because of the presence of multiple degeneracy and the absence of a general method (at the time these computations were made)2 of handling such problems, it was not possible to rest securely on the simplex method. Alternative methods of computation were, therefore, explored and bounding techniques were employed to discover possible divergences from optimality. Finally, to test the validity of the results, calculations undertaken by a company programming official were obtained for purposes of check and comparison. A relatively simple program is first calculated and more than one optimal program obtained. These results are then extended to more complex problems. Finally, the sensitivity of the matrix to possible changes in the coefficients is studied. The problem of linear programming may be sta-ted as follows: A

Journal Article Fellner on Competition Among the Few Get access K. W. Rothschild K. W. Rothschild Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Vienna Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 66, Issue 1, February 1952, Pages 128–136, https://doi.org/10.2307/1882082 Published: 01 February 1952

BY comparison with the voluminous literature on the theories of the firm and consumer, the amount of space devoted to the theory of the union is small indeed. This is not accidental; it results from the fact that the behavior of firms and consumers can be easily interpreted as maximizing while that of a union cannot. In recent years, however, the theory of the union has received increased attention. For example, John T. Dunlop in his now famous volume of essays, Wage Determiinationi Under Trade Unions,' has attempted to apply the maximization principle to labor union behavior, arguing that a union typically, although not universally, attempts to maximize the money income of its membership. The thesis that unions are maximizers has served as a spur to the enunciation of at least one antithesis: Ross's theory that union behavior is determined by considerations.' Ross's view of union behavior is not entirely new, but he has given the most lucid statement of this position of which I am aware. However, his arguments have not convinced Dunlop; in the preface to the new edition of Wage Determination he argues that the importance of the political determinants of wage rates has been exaggerated by Ross and others, and that political factors (although occasionally inmportant) are, on the whole, a relatively minor factor in wage determination.3 The issue is thus joined and a rather large-scale controversy is in the making;4 the present paper is offered as a contribution to this debate. Before embarking upon the discussion proper it nmight be well to define some of the crucial concepts used. When I speak of the political aspect of union behavior, or the political determinants of such behavior, I refer to those aspects of the behavior of individuals acting in behalf of a union ' which are best understood if it is assumed that they are motivated by a concern with the interests of the union qua organization,6 rather than with the interests of its members considered as individuals. It is not alleged that the interests of a unioil organization and those of its members are always or usually in conflict; indeed, the frequent confluence of these objectives has been a source of considerable theoretical difficulty. The individuals who act on behalf of a union -hereafter called union leaders -are alleged by Ross to be best understood as seeking primarily the well-being of the union organization rather than the welfare of its members. The well-being of the union organization, as I see it,7 involves the attitudes and behavior of three groups of people toward the union organization: (i) the members of the union,8 (2) the employers of the union members, and (3) the community at large, especially as its attitude is manifested in the behavior of the government toward the union. It is not seriously denied

Robert W. Adams, John T. Wheeler; External Economies and the Falling Supply Curve1, The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 20, Issue 1, 1 January 1952, Pag

Journal Article The Future of the United Kingdom's Long-Term Contracts Get access W. Beckerman W. Beckerman Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 20, Issue 1, 1952, Pages 70–77, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296163 Published: 01 January 1952