There are two approaches to the question of the size of firms. the traditional approsch attempts to explain size in terms of the balance of advantages and disadvantages of being a particular size. Another approach emphasizes the process of growth and treats size as a more or less incidental result of a continuous on -going or unfolding process. The author wants here to suggest an alternative growth approach which, in common with the biological variant, insists that a predisposition to grow is inherent in the very nature firms, but which, in contrast, makes growth depend on human motivation.
Чрезвычайно полезная статья об истории такого важного и противоречивого понятия как РЕНТА. Автор подробно рассматривает происхождение этого термина (в том числе его семантику) и подходы различных экономистов к его определению и встраиванию в теорию цены. В ходе изложения различных подходов автор пытается устранить возникающие двусмысленности и сделать теорию ренты универсальной концепцией, применимой к любым факторам производства.
The paper reviews the Transportation Act of 1940 which added water carriers to the list of domestic commercial transportation agencies subject to regulation by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC); only airlines remain under separate authority. Railroads, pipelines, motor carriers and water lines are now unified and centralized on a pattern similar to earlier rail statutes. Maximum, minimum, and exact rates and charges of these agencies are now subject to ICC control. This is the first time that a national transportation policy governing all agencies subject to ICC has been enacted. The creation of a temporary Board of Investigation and Research to study the relative economy and fitness of each mode of transportation is another major feature of the Act. Additional responsibilities of the temporary board include: the extent government has subsidized or otherwise aided transportation, the amount of taxes levied upon transportation by all government units, and any other matter likely to lead to improvement of transportation conditions. Numerous changes are also made by the Act in the Interstate Commerce Act, it modifies legislation governing land-grant rate reductions and loans by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to railroads.
Neurasthenia is a term devised many years ago by Beard, an American physician, to describe a condition of the nervous system which appeared to him to be peculiar to Americans. Nerve weakness is what he implied by its use; its causes, according to him, lay in habits and surroundings which, owing to his insular views, were typical of the American civilization. Overwork, alcoholism, worry, intense application, overeating, etc., were the important factors in causing this disease. Later it was found that other countries and other civilizations had the same kind of clinical entity. This paper concerns the condition among Russian Jews. Neurasthenia manifests itself by two groups of symptoms, one of which has reference to conditions of abnormal fatigue, the other to conditions of abnormal irritability. Cited in: Burnham JC (2009). Accident Prone: A history of technology, psychology, and misfits of the machine age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-08117-5. The book was favorably reviewed by David Hemenway in Injury Prevention (2011), doi: 10.1136/ip.2011.031658. Special Thanks to Dr. Burnham for providing an electronic copy of the bibliographic notes that accompany each chapter. This greatly facilitated adding previously unidentified records to the SafetyLit database. SafetyLit users may obtain a listing of the book's references by searching using the following Textword(s) Exact query: Burnham-Accident-Prone. Language: en