We analyze how the anonymous trading of uninformed agents affects the characterization of security market equilibrium. We show that the degree of anonymity provided by a market alters the distribution of wealth across agents, the depth of the market, and the incentive agents have to acquire private information about a security's fundamental value. Moreover, the nature of these effects depends on the type of information about uninformed trading that is revealed to market participants. Our results have implications for sunshine trading, dual trading, brokerage relationships, automation and decentralization of markets, and firms' security listing choices. G10, L10.

The expectations theory of the term structure is well known to give wrong signals as to the future course of long-term interest rates. One explanation involves rational time-varying term premia. However, the “anomaly” may also be due to inflation forecast errors. We study survey forecasts of inflation. It seems that the respondents' forecasts are insufficiently adaptive. Interest rates reflect expectations similar to the inflation forecasts. As a result, past survey forecast errors reliably predict premia on U.S. Government Bonds.

Previous research has separately addressed the problem of estimating risk in the presence of infrequent trading and the problem of estimating quality-adjusted returns in markets with quality variation in the observed price series. This paper simultaneously addresses both problems by applying a signal extraction method for unequally spaced data to decompose the observed price series with varying times between transactions into a quality-adjusted, permanent component (which would be observable in the absence of quality variation) plus a stationary, transitory quality variation component. Stamp auction transaction prices provide an application. Auction quality grading is treated in a manner analogous to bond ratings. Almost all of the observed variance is attributed to the auction quality variation. The observed auction returns and stock index returns are not well related.

A simple search model that includes the possibility of recall provides predictions as to the changing effects of recall expectations, a bonus offer, and job counseling on new job finding rates over time. Using data from the New Jersey Unemployment Insurance Reemployment Demonstration Project (NJUIRDP), I find evidence for an initial positive effect of the bonus offer, which diminishes over time. New job-finding rates are found to be negatively affected by higher initial recall expectations. This effect also diminishes over time, and evidence suggests that job counseling is successful in speeding up this process.

In this paper we analyze how depositors can employ both monitoring and capital requirements to control the risk of bank assets. We also analyze how monitors should be compensated if their actions are not directly observable and if there are binding limits on their liability. Second-best capital and monitoring levels (with unobservable actions) will be distorted away from their respective first-best levels. We derive some results about the nature of these distortions and characterize the optimal incentive scheme for monitors.

One theoretical approach recently emphasized in the accounting literature is positive accounting theory. Synonymous with this theoretical view are the 1978 and 1979 articles published by Ross Watts and Jerold Zimmerman. These two articles prompted criticism from three different perspectives. There are critiques that refer to technical research methods problems, critiques concerned with philosophy of science issues, and critiques centered on the limitations of economics‐based accounting research. In their 1990 article, Watts and Zimmerman responded to most of the published critiques. They specifically claimed that methodological criticisms have failed to have any influence on accounting research. This paper provides a critical examination and assessment of these alleged failures by examining two types of critiques, economics‐based critiques and those based on issues of the philosophy of science. The critiques discussed include those to which Watts and Zimmerman responded as well as several other critiques that either Watts and Zimmerman failed to discuss or that were not published until after their 1990 article appeared. Positive accounting theory is shown to be applied economic positivism. Tracing the historical background of positive accounting research through its economic roots shows that the “positive” aspect of the Watts and Zimmerman approach is more rhetoric than methodology. It is argued that positive accounting theory does represent a problem shift toward a domain of research that is appropriate for Chicago School economics. A review of the published critiques of positive accounting theory shows that although critiques based on philosophy of science may not be very effective, economics‐based critiques that emphasize the limitations of equilibrium‐based economic analysis offer a promising avenue for methodological critiques of positive accounting theory. Résumé. Parmi les publications relatives à la comptabilité, celles qui touchent la «théorie de la comptabilité positive» attiraient récemment l'attention. Ross Watts et Jerold Zimmerman, dans leurs articles publiés en 1978 et 1979, adoptaient l'équivalent de ce point de vue théorique. Ces deux articles ont soulevé les critiques, dans trois perspectives différentes. Certaines critiques portent sur le problème des méthodes techniques de recherche, d'autres ont trait aux questions relatives à la philosophie de la science et d'autres encore sont centrées sur les limites de la recherche comptable qui s'appuie sur l'économique. Dans leur article de 1990, Watts et Zimmerman réfutaient la plupart des critiques qui avaient été publiées, invoquant plus précisément le fait que les critiques méthodologiques ne sont pas parvenues à influer sur la recherche comptable. Les auteurs procèdent à un examen et à une évaluation critiques des lacunes que l'on impute à cette théorie, sous forme d'analyse de deux ordres de critiques: les critiques relatives aux fondements économiques et les critiques relatives aux questions touchant la philosophie de la science. Les critiques analysées comportent celles auxquelles Watts et Zimmerman ont répondu ainsi que plusieurs autres critiques que ni Watts ni Zimmerman n'avaient analysées auparavant ou qui n'ont été formulées qu'après la publication de leur article de 1990. Les auteurs démontrent que la théorie de la comptabilité positive équivaut au positivisme économique appliqué. En retraçant les fondements historiques de la recherche sur la comptabilité positive dans ses racines économiques, ils démontrent que l'aspect «positif» de l'approche de Watts et Zimmerman est plus réthorique que méthodologique. La théorie de la compatibilité positive représente toutefois le déplacement du problème vers un domaine de recherche qui convient à l'économique de l'École de Chicago. L'analyse des critiques de la théorie de la comptabilité positive qui ont été publiées démontre que même si les critiques se rapportant à la philosophie de la science ne se sont peut‐être pas révélées très efficaces, les critiques se rapportant à l'économique et mettant l'accent sur les limites de l'analyse économique basée sur l'équilibre ouvrent des horizons prometteurs aux critiques méthodologiques de la théorie de la comptabilité positive.

This study separates trading volume into buyer- and seller-initiated activities and examines the directional volume reaction in small and large trades to different types of earnings news. ‘Good’ (‘bad’) news triggers brief, but intense, buying (selling) in the large trades. However, a persistent period of unusually high buying activity is observed in the small trades irrespective of the news. This anomalous proclivity of small traders to buy is robust across firm size, trading volume, and different earnings expectation models. Several explanations are discussed, although the behavior does not seem fully explained by existing theories.