At the height of the US civil rights movement in the mid-1960s foreign-born persons were less than one percent of the African American popu lation. Today, 12 percent of America's African Diaspora work force consists of immigrants, and three percent are Hispanic. Some black immi grants?for example, Haitians and Spanish speaking Caribbean immigrants?have lower earnings and lower productivity-linked charac teristics than native African Americans. Other

Standard econometric analysis incorporates racial classification as an exogenous binary variable. However, econometric specification of racial identity by a simple binary variable masks differences in the meaning and use of racial/ ethnic identity across social groups. Consider an analysis of earnings differences between nonHispanic whites and Hispanics. A white/brown dichotomous variable in the earnings equation is clearly inappropriate since a large fraction of Hispanics either self-identify as white (regardless of how they are seen by others) or have physical features that are indistinguishable from non-Hispanic whites (though they may self

This essay examines the extent to which research on the economics of race and crime produced by Black economists or published in the flagship journal of the organization of Black economists, the Review of Black Political Economy (RBPE), is undervalued by mainstream economics. We use modern bibliometric methods to test for citation biases in the economics of crime literature. We also identify the contributions of three streams of research overlooked in the mainstream literature: identity, police use of force, and mass incarceration. We find evidence that Blacks publishing on race and crime in top economics journals are less likely to be cited than non-Blacks and that articles published in the RBPE are less likely to be cited than articles published in other journals. A review of some under-cited articles reveals that themes related to identity, police use of force, and mass incarceration hold valuable insights for policy makers and those seeking solutions to problems of persistent racial disparities in the criminal legal system. (JEL A11, A14, H75, J15, K42)