This paper examines a two‐consumption date principal/agent model in which the manager receives private information at the first date. After observing his private information, the manager (agent) selects both the capital and personal effort he will invest in production. Operating cash flows are realized at both dates and any uninvested funds at the initial date are either paid out as a dividend to the equityholders (principal) or invested in zero net present value investments that require no effort. The aggregate cash flow at the second date is paid out as a dividend to the equityholders. The compensation contract specifies the manager's compensation as a function of the information available at the two dates. The key issue is whether it is valuable to have the contract based on the agent's communication of his private information. As in a single‐consumption date model, communication may permit the implementation of more efficient incentives with respect to the manager's action choices. In addition, communication can facilitate the smoothing of the manager's consumption over the two dates. Direct communication can have positive value, but the analysis identifies a number of factors that can result in communication having no value. These factors include no direct preference for effort, public reporting of the private information at the second date, access to personal investments, and access to a dividend policy that will costlessly convey the private information through first‐date dividends. Although access to personal investments may make communication redundant (since it is an alternative means of smoothing consumption), the analysis identifies conditions under which the equityholders would prefer to use communication and restrict the manager's access to personal investments (since it can have a negative effect on incentives). Résumé. Les auteurs examinent un modèle mandant‐mandataire à deux dates de consommation dans lequel le gestionnaire reçoit de l'information privilégiée à la première des deux dates. Après avoir observé l'information privilégiée, le gestionnaire (c'est‐à‐dire le mandataire) sélectionne le capital et l'effort personnel qu'il investira dans la production. Les flux monétaires provenant de l'exploitation sont réalisés aux deux dates, et tous les fonds qui ne sont pas investis à la date initiale sont soit versés sous forme de dividendes aus. actionnaires (c'est‐à‐dire les mandants), soit investis dans des placements à valeur actualisée nette nulle et qui n'exigent aucun effort. Les flux monétaires totaux à la seconde date sont versés sous forme de dividendes aux actionnaires. Selon le contrat de rémunération, la rétribution des gestionnaires est fonction de l'information disponible aux deux dates. Le principal problème consiste à déterminer si le fait de baser le contrat sur la communication par le mandataire de l'information privilégiée dont il dispose présente un intérêt. Comme dans un modèle à une seule date de consommation, la communication peut permettre la mise en place de stimulants plus efficients en ce qui a trait au choix du gestionnaire concernant son plan d'action. En outre, la communication peut faciliter le nivellement de la consommation du gestionnaire entre les deux dates. La communication directe peut avoir une valeur positive, mais l'analyse permet de cerner plusieurs facteurs qui peuvent retirer toute valeur à une communication. Au nombre de ces facteurs figurent: l'absence de préférence directe pour l'effort, la communication publique de l'information privilégiée à la seconde date, l'accès aux placements personnels et l'accès à une politique de dividendes qui livrera sans frais l'information privilégiée par le truchement du versement de dividendes de la première date. Bien que l'accès aux placement personnels puisse rendre la communication redondante (puisqu'il s'agit d'un moyen de rechange de niveler la consommation), les auteurs définissent les conditions dans lesquelles les actionnaires préféreraient utiliser la communication et restreindre l'accès du gestionnaire aux placements personnels (puisqu'ils peuvent avoir un effet négatif sur les stimulants).

Under the assumptions of the Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Model (CCAPM), Pareto optimal consumption allocations are characterized by each agent's consumption process being adapted to the filtration generated by the aggregate consumption process of the economy. The wealth processes of the agents, however, are adapted to the finer filtration generated by aggregate consumption and the conditional distribution of future aggregate consumption. Therefore, in order to achieve pareto optimal consumption allocations, a sufficiently varied set of assets must exist such that any wealth process adapted to this finer filtration can be implemented by dynamically trading in that set of assets. We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of such a set of assets based on dynamically trading contingent claims on aggregate consumption. In addition, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of equilibria in a dynamically effectively complete market in which agents are only able to trade in contingent claims on aggregate consumption, the market portfolio of firms, and a (numeraire) zero-coupon bond. We demonstrate the role of short- and long-term contingent claims on aggregate consumption for the implementation of Pareto optimal allocations inthe presence of short- and long-term risks. In addition, in the presence of personal risks, we demonstrate the role of insurance contracts. JEL Classification: G13.

In an incomplete continuous-time securities market with uncertainty generated by Brownian motions, we derive closed-form solutions for the equilibrium interest rate and market price of risk processes. The economy has a finite number of heterogeneous exponential utility investors, who receive partially unspanned income and can trade continuously on a finite time-interval in a money market account and a single risky security. Besides establishing the existence of an equilibrium, our main result shows that if the investors' unspanned income has stochastic countercyclical volatility, the resulting equilibrium can display both lower interest rates and higher risk premia compared to the Pareto efficient equilibrium in an otherwise identical complete market.

This paper analyzes the decision‐facilitating role of external accounting reports in large capital markets in which managers are costlessly motivated to act in the best interests of investors. Given homogeneous beliefs, time‐additive preferences, and a sufficient variety of tradeable claims, external accounting reports are shown to provide a basis for Pareto improvements (relative to merely reporting dividends) only if those reports provide a means of making better production decisions. In a large economy, with both economy‐wide and firm‐specific risks, such improvements are shown to occur if the reports reveal events that affect the future productivity of the economy or individual firms or events that will result in economy‐wide windfall gains or losses. However, reports that reveal future firm‐specific windfall gains or losses have no value, even though they would affect market prices. Furthermore, while resources will be allocated more efficiently if managers have information about the productivity of their firms, the economy can achieve those efficiency gains without reporting firm‐specific productivity information to investors, provided that investors hold well‐diversified investment portfolios and are aware of each manager's information structure and decision criterion (which is to maximize the “full information” value of their firms). Résumé. Les auteurs analysent le rôle des rapports comptables externes, lorsqu'il s'agit de faciliter la décision, dans les marchés de capitaux importants dans lesquels les gestionnaires sont motivés à agir dans les meilleurs intérêts des investisseurs, sans que cela n'occasionne de coûts. Etant donné l'homogénéité des convictions, le renforcement des préférences dans le temps et une variété suffisante de créances négociables, il appert que les rapports comptables externes peuvent servir de base aux améliorations au sens de Pareto (relatives à la simple divulgation des dividendes) seulement si ces rapports permettent de prendre de meilleures décisions de production. Dans une grande économie, qui présente des risques tant à l'échelle de l'économie dans son ensemble qu'à l'échelle des entreprises particulières, ces améliorations semblent se produire si les rapports révèlent des événements qui touchent la productivité future de l'économie ou des entreprises particulières ou des événements qui donneront lieu à des gains ou à des pertes à l'échelle de l'économie. Toutefois, les rapports qui révèlent des gains ou des pertes éventuels particuliers à une entreprise n'ont pas de valeur, même s'ils sont susceptibles d'influer sur les prix du marché. En outre, bien que les ressources puissent être réparties de façon plus efficiente si les gestionnaires possèdent de l'information au sujet de la productivité de leur entreprise, l'économie peut réaliser ces gains d'efficience sans faire état aux investisseurs de l'information relative à la productivité particulière à l'entreprise, à condition que les investisseurs détiennent des portefeuilles de placements bien diversifiés et qu'ils soient au fait de la structure d'information et du critère de décision de chaque gestionnaire (qui consiste à maximiser la valeur de «l'information complète» relative à leur entreprise).

We emphasize the role of accounting policies, and their audit, in an earnings management setting. We use a two–period agency in which three frictions interact: the agent privately observes action (or effort) supply and output, and the initial contract is subject to renegotiation. This creates a setting in which both players’ behavior is of concern, and, importantly, information rationing is efficient. Moreover, this information rationing is directly interpretable as being produced by an accounting policy whose application is ensured by an auditor.

By constraining an individual’s choice during a search, housing discrimination distorts sorting decisions away from true preferences and results in a ceteris paribus reduction in welfare. This study combines a large-scale field experiment with a residential sorting model to derive utility-theoretic measures of renter welfare loss associated with the constraints imposed by discrimination in the rental housing market. Results from experiments conducted in five cities show that key neighborhood amenities are associated with higher levels of discrimination. Counterfactual simulations based on the sorting model suggest that discrimination imposes damages equivalent to 4.4% and 3.5% of the annual incomes for African American and Hispanic/Latinx renters, respectively. Damages are increasing in income for African American renters, such that effects become stronger for economically mobile households. Renters of color must make substantial investments in additional search to mitigate the costs of these constraints. We find that a naive model ignoring discrimination constraints yields biased estimates of willingness to pay for key neighborhood amenities.

This paper analyzes the impact of signal-to-noise-ratios and the autocorrelation of a performance measure on the principal's welfare in dynamic agencies with renegotiation. We consider the impact of changes in the persistent, transitory, and reversible components of accounting earnings on its usefulness in valuation versus contracting. Increasing the persistent components and reducing the reversible components are generally desirable for valuation, but not for contracting. Eliminating transitory components of earnings is generally desirable for valuation, but not necessarily for contracting. We discuss the contracting implications of differences in the autocorrelations of accounting earnings versus stock returns.