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A Review of Some Recent Textbooks of Econometrics

Journal of Economic Literature 1994
Estimation and Inference in Econometrics, Russell Davidson and James G. MacKinnon, Oxford University Press, 1993, 874 + xx pages (Designated DM). A Course in Econometrics, Arthur S. Goldberger, Harvard University Press, 1991, 405 + xvii pages (Designated GO). Econometric Analysis, second edition, William H. Greene, Macmillan, New York, 1993, 791 + xxii pages (Designated GR). Learning and Practicing Econometrics, William E. Griffiths, R. Carter Hill, and George G. Judge, John Wiley, New York, 1993, 866 + xxv pages (Designated GHJ).

Choice of accounting method by not-for-profit institutions accounting for investments by colleges and universities

Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994 18(2), 233-243
This study reports a preliminary empirical investigation into the relation between the choice of investment accounting method used by colleges and universities and factors such as type of institution, endowment size and returns, and debt. Because these institutions use fund accounting, the effects of the choice of investment accounting method can reasonably be isolated from other accounting decisions. The results indicate that the selection of investment accounting method is influenced by type of institution, endowment size and returns, but not by debt covenants.

Modèle à périodes multiples et conclusions empiriques relatives à l'objectivité et à la pratique du ≪ leurre‐prix ≫*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1994 11(1), 175-221
Résumé. Les vérificateurs, les responsables de la réglementation et les universitaires s'intéressent à la pratique du ≪ leurre‐prix ≫ et à sa relation avec l'objectivité du vérificateur. Cette question a même fait l'objet de plusieurs modèles analytiques. Ces théories n'ont cependant jamais été testées, principalement à cause de l'absence de données concrètes relatives à d'importantes variables contextuelles. Les auteurs de la présente étude élaborent un modèle à périodes multiples s'appliquant à la pratique du leurre‐prix et à l'objectivité du vérificateur et l'expérimentent dans des marchés de laboratoire en recourant à la méthodologie de l'économique expérimentale. Leur étude vient enrichir la documentation existante sous deux rapports. D'abord, il s'agit de l'une des premières études à produire une argumentation empirique et à expérimenter la théorie de la relation entre la pratique du leurre‐prix et l'objectivité. Ensuite, le modèle repose sur un raisonnement nouveau relatif à la pratique du leurre‐prix et à sa relation avec l'objectivité du vérificateur. La pratique du leurre‐prix et l'atteinte à l'objectivité, qui se manifestent indépendamment des coûts exogènes des opérations, sont le résultat de la prémisse d'une variation transversale dans les coûts et la qualité de la vérification et d'un avantage relatif à l'information qui échoit à un couple vérificateur attitré‐client en ce qui a trait à l'évolution de ces dimensions de la vérification. Les auteurs ont appliqué le modèle pendant un certain nombre de périodes à des marchés de laboratoire réunissant plusieurs acheteurs et plusieurs vendeurs. Ils ont observé seize de ces marchés dans le but de vérifier la valeur prédictive du modèle en ce qui a trait aux prix et à l'information communiquée. L'expérience est concluante quant à la pratique du leurre‐prix, mais elle n'est pas convaincante en ce qui a trait à la prévision exacte des prix. L'expérience confirme également la validité des prévisions relatives à l'information communiquée, les vendeurs ne s'éloignant de la vérité (et faisant une entorse à l'objectivité) que lorsque les profits supplémentaires qu'ils sont susceptibles d'en retirer sont supérieurs aux coûts supplémentaires que risque d'entraîner la communication d'information inexacte. L'on peut obtenir les données relatives aux marchés de laboratoire utilisées dans le présent document en en faisant la demande aux auteurs.

A Multiperiod Model and Experimental Evidence of Independence and “Lowballing”*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1994 11(1), 137-174
Abstract. Auditors, regulators, and academics are interested in the pricing practice of “lowballing” and its relationship to auditor independence. Several analytical models have examined these issues. However, these theories have gone untested primarily due to a lack of field data concerning important environmental variables. In this study, a multiperiod model of lowballing and independence is developed and tested in laboratory markets via the experimental economics methodology. The study contributes to the literature in two respects. First, it represents one of the first studies providing empirical evidence and theory testing of the relationship between lowballing and independence. Second, the model presents a new rationale for low‐ball pricing and its relationship to auditor independence. Lowballing and impairment of independence, occurring without exogenous transaction costs, are caused by positing cross‐sectional variation in audit cost and quality and an informational advantage that accrues to an incumbent auditor‐client pair regarding future variation in these audit dimensions. The model is operationalized in a multiperiod laboratory market consisting of multiple sellers and buyers. Sixteen markets are conducted to test price and reporting predictions of the model. The markets strongly exhibit lowballing behavior, but the exact price predictions are generally not supported. The markets also support reporting predictions, with sellers deviating from truthful reporting (impairing their independence) only when additional future profits are greater than the additional cost of misreporting. Data availability. The laboratory market data used in this paper are available from the authors upon request.

Accounting information and internal performance evaluation

Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994 17(3), 331-358
Multi-bank holding companies file detailed financial statements on their subsidiary banks. The availability of these data allows for an empirical examination of the relation between accounting-based performance and personnel decision for lower-level managers. For our sample of Texas banks, we find that turnover of subsidiary bank managers is negatively related to subsidiary performance, while promotions are positively related to performance. Holding own-bank performance constant, turnover increases with holding-company performance, which is consistent with the view that turnover decisions are based on performance relative to a firm-specification benchmark.

Automatic Lag Selection in Covariance Matrix Estimation

Review of Economic Studies 1994 61(4), 631-653
We propose a nonparametric method for automatically selecting the number of autocovariances to use in computing a heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix. For a given kernel for weighting the autocovariances, we prove that our procedure is asymptotically equivalent to one that is optimal under a mean-squared error loss function. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our procedure performs tolerably well, although it does result in size distortions.

Asymptotics for Semiparametric Econometric Models Via Stochastic Equicontinuity

Econometrica 1994 62(1), 43
This paper provides a general framework for proving the "square root of" T-consistency and asymptotic normality of a wide variety of semiparametric estimators. The class of estimators considered consists of estimators that can be defined as the solution to a minimization problem based on a criterion function that may depend on a preliminary infinite dimensional nuisance parameter estimator. The method of proof exploits results concerning the stochastic equicontinuity of stochastic processes. The results are applied to the problem of semiparametric weighted least squares estimation of partially parametric regression models. Primitive conditions are given for "square root of" T-consistency and asymptotic normality of this estimator. Copyright 1994 by The Econometric Society.