I. Taxation in Massachusetts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 1. — II. The period, 1800–1850, 5. — III. The critical period, 1850–1874, 7. — IV. Gradual disintegration of the general property tax, 19. — V. Attempts at stricter enforcement, 1908–1916, lead finally to change of the system, 32. — VI. An income tax proposed: constitutional amendment of 1915, 46. — VII. The income tax act of 1916, 50.
I. Lack of adequate statistics of trade-union membership in the United States; American Federation of Labor reports, 779. — New York Department of Labor, 780. — II. Plan of present compilation, 781. — Defects in the tables, 782. — III. Movement of membership from 1897 to 1914, 784. — IV. Increase of membership compared with increase in number of gainfully occupied, 789. — Compared with increase of wage-earners, 790. — V. Increase of membership by groups, 792.
I. General viewpoint of this paper, 205. — II. Preliminary survey of railroad income and outgo, 208. — III. An industry of increasing returns? 209. — Relation of cost to growth of traflfic, 210. — Influence of density of traffic, 214. — Cost of service and value of service as factors in rate-making, 219. — IV. Bridging the gap between theory and practice; review of selected authors, 221. — Launhardt, 222. — Rank, 223. — Talcott, 224. — Shinn, 225. — Erickson, 226. — Millard, 227. — Interstate Commerce Commission's order of 1915, 231.
The question to be considered in the light of economic theory, 411. — The broad facts, 413. — Is women's labor parasitic ? 414. — Questionable figures, 416. — Dominant position of the home-dwellers, 418. — Numbers offering to work the important factor, 419. — Influence of conjunction with other labor, 422. — Will management become more efficient? 424. — Will the women become more efficient? 426. — How far lack of bargaining power explains the low wages, 428. — The fundamental cause is large numbers; connection with immigration, 432. — Results to be expected if a high minimum were prescribed for all, 433. — The drifting class, and prolongation of education, 435. — The self-dependent minority, 438. — Conclusion: an opportunist policy, 440.
I. Introductory. Definition of terms, 311. — Distinguishing features of scientific management, 312. — Scientific management is positive management, 314. — II. The influence on basic wages, 315. — Wages and the labor problem, 317. — III. The bonus method and its results, 319. — Effect of increased production on employment, 322. — Skill and initiative, 325. — Health, 327. — The “first-class,” the average, and the sub-normal; legislation on the minimum wage; employment of women and children, 327. — IV. Labor unions; incompatible policies, 330. — Possible bases of co-existence, 339. — V. Larger social problems. Unemployment, 342. — Education and skill, 343. — Inequahty of income, 345. — Democracy in industry, 346. — Prospects for the future, 348.
I. The nature of capital. Capital defined pragmatically as that for which interest is paid, 280. — Relation to entrepreneur function, 281. — Capital is value, 282. Relation to "rent, " 283. — II. The supply of capital, 284. — "Discounting the future" an erroneous explanation, 285. — Motives looking beyond the individual life, 286. — Value often produced specifically for capital use, in order to secure social position and power, 288. — The supply curve of capital, 291. — III. The demand for capital, 292. — There is "specific productivity, " 293. — In what sense, 294. — Convertibility of capital into rent-bearers, 295. — Summarized proposition, 298. — IV. The equilibrium of supply and demand, 299. — The conventional equilibrium of supply and demand refers to a unit of time only, 300. — Its application to capital unsound, 301. — Two separate problems, 303. — At a particular moment, no equilibrium, but an equilibrating action, 304. — The long period trend represented in three dimensions, 306. — In what sense the reasoning rests on "static" assumptions, 307. — A normal equilibrium of supply and demand and a normal rate of interest are wholly hypothetical, 309.
Introductory: importance of Genoese commerce, 129. — Characteristics of trade with Syria, 131. — Annual or semi-annual expeditions to Syria, 132. I. The Societas, 135. — Variations based on method of forming the capital investment, 140. — Other variations, and development in the last quarter of the century, 150. — II. The Accomendatio, 152. — Variations based on division of profits, 161. — Variations based on expenses, 164. — Conditional associations, 165. — Minor variations, 166. — Conclusion, 168.
I. Establishment of the industry, 665. — The pioneers, their problems and achievements, 666. — II. Speculative development after 1910, 668. — The advance in prices, 669. — The advent of the promoter, 670. — The war and collapse of speculative activity, 671. — III. Some conclusions. — Fox farming a permanent industry, 675. — Promoters and stock selling, 675. — The economic factors, 677. — The psychological factors, 678. — Few cases of direct fraud, 680. — The present situation, 681.
I. The term "value" needed, 444. — Value in the generic sense, as considered in the recent literature of philosophy, 446. — II. Economic value; consumption and acquisition, 451. — Interests and judgments, 452. — Measurement of interests, 454. — Alternative uses and exchanges, 460. — Price, 462. — III. The social value theory, 466. — The "social mind, " 467. — Criticism of arguments for social value, 469. — IV. The economic moral standard, 476. — V. The higher moral standard, 480.