I. Definition and varieties, 600. — II. Tokens issued prior to 1800, 602. — Foreign, 603. — Home manufacture, 605. — III. Tokens issued from 1800 to 1861, 608. — War of 1812 period, 608. — Jacksonian era, 611. — Gold tokens, 617. — Georgia, 617. — North Carolina, 618. — California, 620. — Miscellaneous, 624. — IV. Tokens issued since 1861, 626. — Civil War period, 626. — Period after Civil War, 634.
Introduction: the New Zealand system not what it was intended to be, 405. — I. A court of arbitration, unlike a board of conciliation, must follow guiding principles, 407. — The New Zealand judges hesitate to state principles, 407. — Early cases, 407. — II. Existing conditions and prosperity of the industries the basis for several years, 409. — Yet a general tendency to raise wages, 415. — Cost of living little considered, 416. — III. As time went on, more emphasis on cost of living, 417. — Statistics until 1907 inconclusive, 420. — Fragmentary evidence not accepted, 422. — Informal statements by the Court of the principles followed, 426. — IV. Beginning in 1912, higher wages awarded to common laborers, 428. — A policy on minimum wages announced, 431. — V. Index numbers of prices published in 1911–14, 434. — Wages advanced as much as cost of living, 438. — VI. Change of personnel in 1913 but no change of policy, 439. — Lowest-paid workers granted some increase, 442. — No regard paid to great advance in cost of living in 1914–15, 443. — VII. Conclusion, 445.
I. The determination of work; job analysis, 242. — The several parties concerned in job analysis, 243. — A Determining Board representative of these parties, 244. — Length of working day, 245. — II. How much pay? 247. — Payment for risk to capital, 248. — Workers also assume risk, 249. — Other elements of cost; interest and dividends, 250. — Depreciation, cost of materials, 251. — This procedure the reverse of that usually followed, 252. — Salaries and wages the residuum, 253. — Wages settled by the Wage Board, 254. — Risk likely to be more frankly considered, 256. — Summary and conclusion, 257.
Journal Article Total Utility and Consumers' Surplus Under Varying Conditions of the Distribution of Income Get access Philip G. Wright Philip G. Wright Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 1917, Pages 307–318, https://doi.org/10.2307/1883912 Published: 01 February 1917
"Primary" value theory and distributive theory call for the same formulation of the market price concept but for different conceptions of normal price, 66. — Contrast of market price and normal price points of view, equilibrium between amounts vs. between rates of flow, 68. — Limitations; meaning of cost of production, 72. — Clark's "Static State" the same concept as Marshall's long-period normal price of consumption goods, but incorrectly applied to distribution, 73. — This concept applicable in "sub-distribution, " which is practically more important than the theorist's division of income into general shares, 84. — Criticism of Marshall's equilibrium levels of wages and interest, 89. — Conclusion: Marshall's theory a correct logical definition, but applicable to reality only as determining a "tendency" which may be overcome by other tendencies; contrast with Clark; contrast with Mill, 95.
Noteworthy provisions, other than the literacy test, in the act of 1917, 448. — The literacy test itself significant of a change in public opinion, 449. — The earlier acts aimed at selection only, 451. — The literacy test a measure of restriction, 452. — The bill of 1897, vetoed by President Cleveland, 453. — Speaker Cannon's successful manoeuvers against a similar bill in 1906, 455. — President Taft's veto of 1913, 456. — President Wilson's veto of 1915, 459. — The act of 1917 finally passed over the veto, 459.
I. An assumed case of large foreign borrowing by a paper money country, 381. — Consequences on the rates of foreign exchange, 382. — A digression: present conditions in Germany and Europe abnormal, and little pertinent to this discussion, 384. — Effects under ordinary conditions on the prices of exported and imported goods, 386. — A transition stage; is there a bounty on exports? 388. — II. Ultimate effects, as they would be if both countries were on the gold basis, 391. — In what way, in such case, international lending may lead directly to increased exports of merchandise, 392. — But increased exports are usually the indirect consequence of gold movements, 394. — Resulting changes in relative wages and prices, 395. — No such mechanism, however, in case of depreciated paper, 396. — An analogous result, yet a different one, through the movement of goods, 397. — III. Difficulty of verifying this analysis through inductive inquiry, 400. — Partial verification of a confirmatory character not impossible, 402.
I. Decline in Roman agriculture, 173. — Contrasted views, 175. — Liebig and Simkhovitch on exhaustion of soil, 176. — Conrad on climatic change, 177. — II. Four climatic hypotheses: (1) Uniformity, 178. — Geological view, 178. — Historical view, 179. — Ancient famines, 180. — Water works, 181. — Cyrene, 181. — Ilandarin, 182. — Ancient vegetation and crops, 183. — (2) Local changes and deforestation, 185. — (3) Progressive change in one direction, 185. — (4) Pulsatory or irregular changes, 186. — III. Caspian Sea, 186. — California lakes and trees, 188. — Palmyra as an example of effect of climatic changes, 188. — Nature of such changes, 189. — Dates of changes in old world and new, 191. — IV. Historical effects of changes: (1) Economic results, agriculture, forests, cattle, 194. — (2) Political results, taxation, barbarian invasion, 198. — (3) Biological results, elimination of Nordics, increase of malaria, decline of physical energy, 201. — V. Climate and civilization, 204. — Conclusion, 207.
Standardization in Marketing T. N. Carver T. N. Carver Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 1917, Pages 341–344, https://doi.org/10.2307/1883914 Published: 01 February 1917
I. § 1. Another formulation of the conditions governing the value of money, 38. — II. §2. The term "value of money, " 39. — III. § 3. The demand for legal-tender money, 40. — § 4. The derived demand schedule for legal tender, 42. — § 5. The separate variables in the formula; total resources, 43. — § 6. The proportion of resources kept in legal-tender form, 44. — § 7. The proportion kept in pockets and tills, 48. — § 8. The proportion kept by bankers, 50. — §§ 9, 10. The relation of the present formula to that of the equation of exchange, 52. — IV. §§ 11–19. The supply of legal-tender money under various conditions: inconvertible paper fixed in amount; partial fixity of supply; free coinage; bimetallism; seigniorage; gold exchange standard, 54. — V. § 20. Demand and supply, 58. — § 21. Production and supply of gold, 58. — § 22. Common causes likely to affect the various factors, 59. — §23. The element of time, 61. — § 24. Possible interaction of demand and supply, 63. — VI. § 25. Conclusion, 65.