I. The older view, that women's work in itself caused high infant mortality, 127. — Modem inquiries lead to doubt regarding the direct effect, 128. — II. Statistical Evidence: Boston, 129; Johnstown, 132; Birmingham (Eng.), 133; Fall River, 134. — III. Indirect Influences; pervasive example, 138. — Vitality of young women, 140. — IV. Influence of Housework, 141.—V. Influence of Poverty, 145. — VI. Conclusion, 150.
I. Relation of value concept to causal theory of value, 675. — II. Various roots of relative conception of value: "Relativity of Knowledge, " 676. — Geometrical conceptions of relativity; parallel argument for relativity of value, 677. — Doctrine of fixed sum total of values, 680. — Haney's expressions, 681. — Usage in English, French and German, 681. — III. General rise or fall of values, 682. — Can one good alone have value ? 683. — Abstract v. concrete ratios, 684. — "Rate of exchange" as abstract ratio, 685. — "Rate of exchange" useless for economic analysis: views of J. B. Clark, Böhm-Bawerk, Carver and C. M. Walsh, 685. — IV. Illustrations of need of absolute value concept, 687. — Fisher's "general price level" an indefensible substitute, 688. — Shift in Laughlin's argument, 690. — V. Speed and value as ratios, 691. — The "mathematician's fallacy, " 692. — Differences between measurement of speed and measurement of values, 693. — VI. "Rate of exchange" as "price, " 695. — VII. Different consequences of absolute and relative value concepts in economic analysis, 695. — (1) Value a wider concept than exchange, 695. — Value in sociology and in economics, 696. — Value and exchange in socialistic state, 696. — (2) Value and exchangeability not correlated, 697. — Nor do prices always correctly express values, except in static theory, 698. — Values as causes of prices, 698. — Temporal relation of cause and effect, 698. — (3) Prices often partly controlled by non-economic values, 699. — Law, custom, and morals in relation to prices, 699. — Exchange theory of value cannot shirk consideration of these cases, 702. — VIII. (4) "Power in exchange" as equivalent of value, 702. — IX. (5) Schumpeter's use of relative concept as regards land value, 703. — X. Conclusion, 705.
I. Introductory. — Scope of the investigation, personnel; statistics, 262; Personnel, 263. — II. Applications of scientific management, 267; Municipal and miscellaneous work, 267. — Railroads and public utilities, 269. — Industrial plants, 270. — Time study and instruction cards, 274. — Stores system, 279. — Routing, 280. — Inspection, 283. — Standardization of equipment, materials, and plant, 284. — Cost statistics, 286. — Sales, 287. — Gross results, 288. — III. Effect on workers. — Wages, 290; Health, 292; Interest, loyalty, 294.—IV. General economic results, 297. — Relations with organized labor, 298. — V. Failures and their causes, 303. — VI. General influence of the movement, 306.
I. Points of agreement, 709. — Need of economic standards independent of price, 710. — The place of inappropriables, 711. — Weighting of individuals in social value, 712. — Conflicts of values, 713. — Values of institutions should be imputed to institutions, not to single commodities, 715. — Marginal method reversed, 715. — Some of the requirements of a social theory of value, 716. — II. Dual nature of Professor Anderson's concept, 716. — Term "rate" avoids a confusion, 717. — III. Doctrine v. definition, 718. — Doctrine criticized by Professor Anderson not implied in the mere definition of value, 719. — Examples, 720. — IV. Use of the relative concept, 720. — "Assuming a fixed value of money, " and other criticisms, 721. — V. Economic v. non-economic, 722. — Values of institutions not to be taken for granted as something supreme and apart from single exchanges, 723. — Conclusion, 723.
The problem must be attacked on grounds of theory, 308. — Maximum satisfaction and the law of the equalization of marginal return, 311. — Monopoly and competition not antagonistic, but supplementary, 315. — The endeavor to suppress combinations misdirected and futile, 318. — Competition leads to overcapitalization, i. e., excessive capital investment, in certain industries, 321. — Existing Kartells do not represent advantageous monopolistic organization, 322. — Criticism of the American trust legislation of 1914, 324.
Need of enlarged concepts, 663. — The "ratio" argument non-essential, 664. — The word "rate" might avoid unnecessary verbal implications, 668. — Relation and quality two phases of one fact, 672.