V. Cost. Facts and estimates, 261. — Commission procedure, 262. — Renewals and costs, 263. — Appreciation, 266. — Original cost determined by appraisal, 269. — Facts and estimates once more, 270. — VI. Intangibles. Commission doctrine, 271. — Franchise value, 272. — Going value and strategic value, 273. — Wisconsin deficit theory, 276. — VII. Final value, 277. — Confiscation and condemnation, 277. — Exchange value, 278. — Capitalization of earnings, 280. — The general rate structure, 283. — The reasonable return as a variable, 284. — The appeal to authority, 288. — Cost of reproduction as a basic fact, 289. — Land once more, 290. — Cost of reproduction and investment, 293. — The rule in Smyth v. Ames, 297. — The Commission and "final value, " 298.

T HE unusual interest now taken in the development of the foreign trade of the United States is, to a considerable extent, due to the changes in international commerce brought about by the Great War. The new markets for American goods that have been made available, the change of the United States from a debtor to a creditor nation, the increasing demands for foreign raw materials for an expanding industrial life in the United States, the resulting problems of credits, of financing trade, and of the relation of tariff policies to the new conditions all these and other considerations are focusing attention to foreign trade and foreign trade problems to an extent never before experienced in this country. The student of foreign trade who is attempting to look into the future of our trade development is constantly asking the questions: To what extent are the present conditions in trade a result of abnormal circumstances growing out of.the war, and to what extent do they represent the working out of tendencies that were already manifest during the. period preceding the war ? Which of the changes are temporary, which represent permanent adjustments to conditions that were already thanging before the war brought in the complications ? Final answers to these questions cannot be given at the present time, but an analysis of our foreign trade during the years preceding the summer of I914, combined with certain facts and tendencies of trade development since then, even if it does not show the exact path that will be followed may be very helpful in indicating the direction in which our trade is moving. The purpose of this article is:

Treatises of the past decade, 209. — Economic history has been studied by periods, 213. — The genetic point of view, 214. — The content of economic history, 217. — Need of a synthesis of development, 218. — Dependence of economic history on history and economics, 220. — Conclusion, 224.

Journal Article Usher, Introduction to the Industrial History of England Get access N. S. B. Gras N. S. B. Gras University of Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 34, Issue 3, May 1920, Pages 532–537, https://doi.org/10.2307/1883365 Published: 01 May 1920

I. The Problem: Is interest determined by use (demand) or by a cost of saving? — Savers' surplus, 3. — Its discussion by economists, 4. — II. The sources of savings, 10. — Analysis of income distribution in United States, 11. — Dominant savings by the rich, 14. — III. The psychology of saving, 17. — The poor, 18. — The middle classes, 19. — The wealthy, 21. — Automatic costless savings, 23. — The marginal analysis inapplicable, 24. — IV. Corporate surpluses and bank-credit loan funds, their great amounts, 27. — How far costless, 28. — Bank credit loan funds, 29. — Conclusion, 31.

Journal Article The Literature of Guild Socialism Get access Niles H. Carpenter Niles H. Carpenter Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 34, Issue 4, August 1920, Pages 763–776, https://doi.org/10.2307/1885166 Published: 01 August 1920