Abstract The relationships between costs and volume of output have long constituted an important segment of business policy, accounting, and economic theory, specially in the U.S. Analyses of these relationships are utilized in value, price, and distribution theory as well as in business policy development and economic planning. In spite of the importance of these relationships, few actual data are publicly available for studying them since the materials must be derived from a detailed analysis of the books of account of industry. In a world of private business, such data are not commonly available for publication. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration, in 1933, obtained under oath and in sufficient detail for cost and output analysis, the balance sheets and operating cost statements of a representative group of milk pasteurizers and distributors operating in thirty-five important milk markets. These financial statements, which were obtained in view of the preparation of milk-marketing agreements, were audited and expressed in a standard form by the accountants of the Administration.

Abstract Two opposing hypotheses attempt to explain the effects of inflation upon business enterprise. The first maintains that business profits by inflation due to the rise in prices which it engenders. The second affirms that inflation is a grave danger to business, gutting enterprises of their working capital. The first of these two hypotheses has recently been attacked by a number of German and French accounting theorists who have attempted to demonstrate that the standard accounting calculation of profits does not give accurate results during periods of rapidly changing prices. The second hypothesis is indeed most seductive, but, unfortunately, it has never been verified by a positive study of the facts. The object of this study is to investigate quantitatively the extent to which the one or the other of these theories found application in the French inflation of 1919-1926 and to discover the net effects of inflation upon the financial position of French enterprises. Several factors such as reconstruction, tariffs, improved industrial techniques, have all played an important part in these changes.

Abstract Accounting does not occupy the honored position in the French system of education which falls to its lot in the United States. The French make but little provision for it and do this in what appears to some a grudging manner. The French schools undertake the preparation of young Frenchmen and Frenchwomen for citizenship in a highly centralized democracy with aristocratic and monarchic traditions. The French school system is under the direct supervision and control of the Ministry of Public Instruction and comprises two classes of establishment: public and private. The professors in these institutions are appointed by the national or local authorities after a competitive examination, while the nomination of professors by the private schools is subject to the approval of the Minister of Public Instruction. Accountancy is not taught there by what they might term the textbook method, so popular in many American institutions of higher learning. A combination of lectures and laboratory practice is used. The lectures are of a high calibre viewed from both form and content and if taken down as delivered, would form a respectable manual for the course.

Abstract During and after the first World War, France, like many other belligerents, failed to meet her current budgetary expenditure from the revenues arising from taxation. The result of the inflation created many problems for the business man. Depending upon the attitude one holds with reference to the quantity theory of money, inflation either created these problems through its effect in bringing about a very rapid increase in prices, or these problems, created by other economic processes, than by action on prices, finally resulted in a marked increase in prices. French accounting theoreticians had the advantage of the earlier German experience and some of the new accounting methods proposed were but adaptations of German inflation accounting theory and practice. The elaboration of these methods by both French and German accounting theorist constitutes a definite contribution to general accounting theory. An understanding of the principles involved may help in settling some of the controverted questions of principle which attract the attention of accountants.

Abstract The article proposes to discuss the regulation, by governmental authority, of the profession of public accountancy in France with particular reference to the newly created diploma, of Expert-Comptable Reconra par l'Etat. The role of the French public accountant and consequently the importance of the new decree affecting the profession and giving its members an official title and status may be more dearly grasped if the main characteristics of private accounting practice in France are first briefly sketched. To the U.S., the French public accountant is obliged to ply his trade in some what antiquated surroundings. The business technique of the French resembles the U.S. practice which prevailed at the beginning of this century rather than that of the present time. Compared to the U.S. business organization, that of the French is less formal and more personal, more human than mechanical, traditional rather than efficient, conservative rather than aggressive. While then are many large units, France is generally considered the country of small, personal and family enterprises.

Journal Article The Citizen's Éphémérides of the Physiocrats Get access Max J. Wasserman, Max J. Wasserman Howard University, Washington, D.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Juanita D. Tate Juanita D. Tate Howard University, Washington, D.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 65, Issue 3, August 1951, Pages 439–443, https://doi.org/10.2307/1882225 Published: 01 August 1951