One of the objectives of segment reporting, as expressed in the FASB's Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Number 14, is to enable investors to improve their assessments of companies' opportunities for future growth. Implicit in this idea are the assumptions that (1) industry membership provides information on companies' growth prospects, and (2) segment data provide incremental information over consolidated data for assessing industry‐related growth prospects. This research examines these assumptions by using an informational perspective for earnings. The informational perspective on accounting information posits that a role of accounting data such as earnings is to alter investors' beliefs about a company's future dividend paying ability, as reflected in its prospective cash flows. Specifically, this study shows that the relationship between earnings amounts and current security prices depends on whether the earnings originate from high growth or low growth industries, as defined in the paper. Furthermore, segment data appear to improve the informativeness of such an earnings classification for explaining security prices. The results suggest that investors use information on industry growth prospects in analyzing individual companies, and that segment information plays a useful role in improving such analyses. Résumé. L'un des objectifs de l'information sectorielle, tel qu'il est exprimé dans le Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 14 du FASB, est de permettre aux investisseurs d'évaluer avec plus de précision le potentiel de croissance des entreprises. Certaines hypothèses sont implicites à cet objectif: 1) l'appartenance au secteur donne accès à de l'information sur les perspectives de croissance des entreprises et 2) les données sectorielles offrent un supplément d'information, par rapport aux données consolidées, dans l'évaluation des perspectives de croissance liées au secteur. L'auteur examine ces hypothèses dans l'optique du contenu informationnel des bénéfices. Cette optique sur l'information comptable établit le principe selon lequel l'un des rôles de données comptables telles que les bénéfices consiste à modifier les convictions des investisseurs au sujet du potentiel de l'entreprise en termes de dividendes, tel que le reflètent ses flux monétaires éventuels. L'étude démontre précisément que la relation entre le montant des bénéfices et le cours des titres dépend du fait que les bénéfices proviennent de secteurs à forte ou à faible croissance, selon la définition du texte. De plus, les données sectorielles semblent améliorer le pouvoir explicatif de cette classification des bénéfices quant au cours des titres. Les résultats obtenus laissent supposer que les investisseurs utilisent l'information sur les perspectives de croissance du secteur dans l'analyse des différentes sociétés, et que cette information sectorielle joue un rôle appréciable dans l'amélioration de ce genre d'analyse.

The Ohlson (1995) and Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation model provides a rigorous framework for summarizing the information in expected future earnings and book values. However, the model provides little guidance on selecting an empirical proxy for expected future earnings. We examine whether and under what circumstances historical earnings and analyst earnings forecasts offer comparable explanation of security prices. This issue is of particular interest because analyst forecasts are less readily available than historical data. Under appropriate circumstances, historical data may allow wider use of the Feltham‐Ohlson valuation model by researchers and investors. A related issue is the incremental explanatory power of historical earnings and realized future earnings (perfect‐foresight forecasts) for security prices beyond analyst forecasts. If historical earnings are incrementally informative, that would suggest that analyst forecasts do not fully reflect price‐relevant information in past earnings. If future earnings are incrementally informative, that would suggest that security prices reflect investors' implicit earnings forecasts beyond analyst forecasts. We examine these issues using a historical model (based on past earnings), a perfect‐foresight model (based on realized future earnings), and a forecast model (based on Value Line earnings forecasts). All three models provide significant explanatory power for security prices, and each set of earnings data provides incremental explanatory power for prices when used with the other sets of earnings data. We estimate the models separately for firms with moderate and extreme earnings‐to‐price (E/P) ratios, a proxy for earnings permanence. For moderate‐E/P firms, the historical model's explanatory power exceeds that of the perfect foresight model, and is indistinguishable from that of the analyst forecast model. In contrast, for extreme‐E/P firms, the perfect‐foresight model offers greater explanatory power than the historical model, but lower explanatory power than analyst forecasts. Our results suggest that financial analysts' forecasting efforts are best focused on firms whose earnings contain large temporary components (extreme E/P firms). However, in general, both historical data and analyst forecasts are complementary information sources for security valuation.

Previous empirical research on the informativeness of earnings has focused on stockholders, and has not examined differences in earnings' informativeness for stockholders and bondholders. Because stockholders are residual claimants and bondholders are fixed claimants, the informativeness of earnings should differ for these two types of investors. When a firm's default risk is low, changes in its financial condition should be of limited relevance to bondholders, but should be relevant to stockholders. In contrast, as the likelihood of financial distress increases, stockholders' limited liability allows them to abandon the firm to the bondholders (Fischer and Verrecchia 1997). Accordingly, as a firm's default risk increases, changes in its financial condition should be increasingly important to bondholders and less important to shareholders. Because earnings provide information on firm value, the stock return‐earnings association should decrease as the firm's financial strength declines, while the bond return‐earnings association should increase. We use two measures of a firm's financial strength: the firm's bond rating and its reporting of a loss. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that the association between stock returns and changes in annual earnings decreases as bond ratings decline, while the association between bond returns and changes in annual earnings increases. These results suggest that as the company's financial condition deteriorates, earnings become less relevant for stock valuation and more relevant for bond valuation. When we partition firms based on their loss status, we find a stronger association between stock returns and annual earnings changes for firms with positive earnings (profit firms) than for firms with losses, consistent with earlier studies. In contrast, we find that the association between bond returns and earnings changes is greater for loss firms than for profit firms. These results suggest that losses reduce the informativeness of earnings for stockholders but increase informativeness for bondholders, suggesting that investors view losses as indicating increased credit risk.

Disclosure timeliness is of concern because a report's usefulness may be inversely related to the reporting delay. Although longer delays increase the likelihood that some of the information contained in annual earnings disclosures will be preempted by information from more timely sources, previous research investigating the relation between earnings‐disclosure timeliness and the intensity of the associated market reaction has reported mixed results. These inconclusive findings may be at least partially due to the effects of a potentially confounding variable — firm size — which may have offset the reporting delay effect. Large firms usually disclose earnings relatively early, but the associated market reaction tends to be small due to the size effect. Small firms disclose later, but their associated market reaction tends to be high due to the size effect. Consequently, this study employs a multivariate approach, which controls for firm size, in investigating the relationship between the timeliness of annual earnings disclosure and the associated security price reaction. The study's results support the hypothesis that after controlling for firm size, the length of the reporting delay is inversely related to the magnitude of report period price revaluations. That is, longer delays are associated with smaller market reactions, when firm size is held constant. There is some evidence that this relation may be stronger for earnings announcements which convey “bad news.” Résumé. La publication rapide de l'information est un sujet de préoccupation, puisque l'utilité d'un rapport risque d'être inversement proportionnelle au délai de publication. Bien que des délais plus longs augmentent la probabilité que certaines des informations contenues dans la publication annuelle des bénéfices aient déjà été obtenues de sources plus rapides, de précédents travaux de recherche analysant la relation entre la rapidité de la publication des bénéfices et l'intensité de la réaction du marché à l'information publiée ont abouti à des résultats mixtes. Ces résultats non concluants peuvent être au moins en partie attribuables à l'incidence d'une variable pouvant porter à confusion — celle de la taille de l'entreprise — susceptible d'avoir compensé l'incidence du délai de publication. Les entreprises de taille importante publient habituellement leurs bénéfices assez tôt, mais la réaction du marché à cette information tend à être mitigée, à cause de l'incidence de la taille. Les petites entreprises publient plus tard l'infonnation relative aux bénéfices, mais la réaction du marché à cette information a tendance à être marquée, à cause de l'incidence de la taille. En conséquence, les auteurs ont opté dans la présente étude pour une méthode à plusieurs variables permettant de contrôler la taille de l'entreprise dans l'analyse de la relation entre la rapidité de la publication des bénéfices annuels et la réaction du prix de Taction à cette information. Les résultats de l'étude viennent confirmer l'hypothèse selon laquelle, lorsque la taille de l'entreprise n'influe pas, la longueur du délai de publication est en relation inverse avec l'ampleur des réévaluations de prix correspondant à la période de publication. En d'autres termes, des délais plus longs sont associés aux réactions plus mitigées du marché, la taille de l'entreprise étant constante. Certaines informations démontrent que cette relation peut être plus marquée pour la publication de bénéfices qui véhiculent de « mauvaises nouvelles ».

Firms incur restructuring charges as a result of actions intended to improve their operating performance. However, there is little evidence on whether restructuring charges are associated with improved performance. We examine a sample of firms reporting restructuring in 1991‐93 and find that the restructuring firms' earnings increase over the levels immediately before restructuring. Compared with a control sample of firms that report no restructuring, the restructuring firms improve their earnings and operating income, but evidence for improvements in cash flow from operations is mixed. In regression analysis, we find that restructuring charges are significantly positively associated with post‐restructuring changes in earnings relative to the restructuring year, but this association is largely driven by firms with multiple restructurings and firms reporting losses in the restructuring year. We find no association between restructuring charges and post‐restructuring changes in earnings relative to the year before restructuring. Restructuring charges are significantly positively associated with post‐restructuring changes in operating income and cash flow from operations for firms with multiple restructurings. In summary, restructuring charges are associated with improved earnings, but our results suggest that restructuring in the early 1990s did not necessarily guarantee improved operating performance.