Economic production systems may break up into subeconomies of goods and processes that can function independently of each other. This article first explores the various kinds of decompositions that may exist in production schemes, nonlinear as well as linear. Some recent techniques developed in graph theory are adopted to ascertain the decompositions possible for a given production system and the precedence relations between the subeconomies of the decomposition. Finally, I show how the concept of tearing from simultaneous equations theory might be used to analyze square input-output models for potential decompositions.

Arc elasticity is estimated for liquor by simply comparing state sales before and after price increases, standardized by states in which price did not change. The technique can be used wherever there are several economic units independent with respect to price changes; it allows causal interpretation and it permits comparison of various length-of-run elasticities.

In this paper an attempt is made to give precise expression to the conditions under which a profit maximizing firm with fixed research budget will choose each type of technical change (i.e., neutral and nonneutral). It was found that the optimal choice depends on the initial technology, relative factor prices, and relative costs of acquiring different types of technical change. The preferred technical change need not be exclusively of one sort (e.g., neutral chanige). Once neutral technical change becomes optimal, however, it remains so until there is a change in relative factor prices. On the other hand, adoption of a biased technical change may eventually cause neutral advance to become desired even in the absence of relative factor price changes. Examination of the firm's decision criterion under the assumption that it is a monopsonistic buyer of factors of production, discloses that under identical initial conditions (i.e., relative factor prices and relative costs of alternative forms of technical change) the firm will prefer more biased technical change relative to the situation in which it purchases factors competitively. In particular, the firm will, under these conditions, seek those biased technical changes which economize on the factor whose elasticity of supply is relatively smaller. Finally, it was also discovered that, contrary to previous suppositions, changes in the elasticity of substitution do affect the optimal capital-labor ratio for each factor price combination in all cases but one.