Knowledge that Transforms

Marie Connolly of Universite du Quebec a Montreal reviews “Streaming Music, Streaming Capital” by Eric Drott. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Explores how the change in recorded music's commercial circulation from digital downloads to cloud-based streaming has transformed the conventions, practices, and discourses that shape both music and streaming, detailing how the ascendancy of digital platforms represents a response to the crises that have afflicted the capitalist world system since the 1970s and have intensified since the financial crisis of 2008.”

Rakesh Vohra of University of Pennsylvania reviews “The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create” by Steve Kaczynski and Scott Duke Kominers. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Explores how non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are changing the way that business is done, demonstrating the role and inevitability of NFT technology in everyday life.”

We synthesize the literature on economic epidemiology, the interdisciplinary field that draws on the ideas and methods of economics to analyze individual behavior, aggregate disease dynamics, and public policy during infectious disease epidemics. We cover the main models of individual behavior during epidemics, related econometric evidence, and models of disease dynamics appropriate for the analysis of a range of infectious diseases. We outline modeling approaches to a range of control measures including non-pharmaceutical interventions such as stay-at-home mandates, quarantines, and sheltering, and pharmaceutical interventions such as vaccines and treatment. Last, we characterize different types of externalities and heterogeneities and discuss the targeting and implementation of policies through restrictions and incentives.

This article reviews the theory of imperfectly competitive financial markets, with special attention to recent contributions and rapidly growing areas of research. We highlight the methodological advances that have led to a unified analytic framework for static, dynamic, centralized, and decentralized markets. Accounting for imperfect competition has not only reshaped our understanding of financial market data but also underscored the importance of market structure, motivated novel policy tools and objectives, and opened new avenues for market design. We identify areas where new models and techniques could enable further progress on equilibrium and market design analyses for markets with large players.

This paper provides analytic guides to recent literature on China’s macroeconomic development, emphasizing the critical role of the gradualist reform approach. Our analysis suggests that from 1978 to 1997, the gradualist approach contributed to China’s aggregate total factor productivity and economic growth primarily through policies that facilitated the reallocation of surplus labor from agriculture to nonagricultural sectors. Since 1998, the government’s focus shifted, with various reforms encouraging large enterprises, whether state owned or privately owned, to enter capital-intensive sectors, making capital deepening the main driver of economic growth. While this strategy sustained China’s GDP growth, it also increased trade tensions with global partners, created barriers to transitioning to a consumption-led economy, and threatened China’s long-term financial stability, casting long shadows over the Chinese economy.

We survey the recent literature in economics using open-ended survey data to uncover mechanisms behind economic beliefs and behaviors. We first provide an overview of different applications, including the measurement of motives, mental models, narratives, attention, information transmission, and recall. We next describe different ways of eliciting open-ended responses, including single-item open-ended questions, speech recordings, and artificial intelligence–powered qualitative interviews. Subsequently, we discuss methods to annotate and analyze such data with a focus on recent advances in large language models. Our review concludes with a discussion of promising avenues for future research.

Natural experiments, high stakes, expert subjects, knowledge of the precise objectives and exact rules, clean measurement, observability of strategies, incentives, actions and consequences, large datasets, exogenous rule changes, distinct social effects, and no Hawthorne effects. These and other desirable attributes for empirical work are found in sports settings. In sports, features that often characterize either the lab or the field are found simultaneously. Sports can offer the best of both worlds. Reluctance to recognize these advantages reflects a misunderstanding of the virtues of sports data, and this reluctance has discouraged the study of these settings and slowed down the production of knowledge. This survey reviews literature that shows how sports settings have made it possible to implement the first successful test, or the best test to date, of various models and hypotheses, and to discover new phenomena. It is not a question of what economics can do for sports, but what sports can do for economics.

How is it that in perhaps the richest country in the history of the world such a large number of people struggle to acquire the basic necessities of life? Clearly, merely increasing the total quantity of goods and services produced in the market does not address this core problem. I review new work both inside and outside of economics that seeks to understand the persistence of poverty in the United States. With a particular focus on Desmond (2023) and Kearney (2023), I draw out the hypotheses in this work, suggest interesting avenues for future research, and discuss potential policy implications.

Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a novel computational methodology for representing the behavior of individuals in order to study social phenomena. Its use is rapidly growing in many fields. We review ABM in economics and finance and highlight how it can be used to relax conventional assumptions in standard economic models. ABM has enriched our understanding of markets, industrial organization, labor, macro, development, public policy, and environmental economics. In financial markets, substantial accomplishments include understanding clustered volatility, market impact, systemic risk, and housing markets. We present a vision for how ABMs might be used in the future to build more realistic models of the economy and review some of hurdles that must be overcome to achieve this.

We approach the literature on housing and inequality from two angles. One is the impact of unequal endowments on housing. The second is the “memberships” inequality associated with neighborhoods, namely, households’ location in a geographic and social context. We elaborate on these two angles of inequality and focus on three distinctive features of housing: consumption, capital, and location. For owner-occupants, capital and consumption are bundled together in a single good. For both renters and owner-occupants, housing consumption inequality, access to good neighborhoods, and housing wealth follow from unequal endowments. Housing can propagate inequality by enabling owner-occupants to use it as collateral for other investments or to secure higher returns to human capital investments through the better schools in better neighborhoods. We use this approach to analyze key aspects of housing and inequality, paying special attention to the impacts of racial discrimination and segregation.