Knowledge that Transforms

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The large volume of government bonds issued since 1975 has been a strong driving force for structural change in the Japanese bond markets during the last decade. The increasing amount of outstanding government bonds has made the trading volume in the secondary market increase rapidly, accompanied with the development of interdealer trading.

This paper presents a model of equilibrium in a capital market for linear shares of risky firms andin a market for managerial labor in which market participants function as both investors and managers. The model yields interesting and relevant equilibrium conditions that integrate earlier separate treatments of the capital market with human capital and the incentive contracting problem regarding shirking.The theory developed here provides a microeconomic explanation of how the price of risk established in the capital market is relevant to the labor contracting problem. The analysis also provides a logical rationale for the division of responsibilities between a board of directors and the management of the firm.

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Changes in the Japanese financial system over the coming decade will play a significant role in the functioning of U.S. financial markets and, indeed, of the entire U.S. economy. From World War II through at least the mid–1970s, the United States was a major exporter of investment capital in the form of foreign direct and portfolio investment. More recently, low U.S. savings rates, recurring federal budget deficits, reduced sovereign lending by U.S. banks, and, possibly, high real returns on domestic investment have combined to make the United States a major importer of capital. At the same time, large trade surpluses and very high savings rates in Japan have more than offset increases in government borrowing to make Japan the world's principal capital exporter, a position it is likely to hold for some time. These are fundamental changes.

While access to financial data and information about the performance of Japanese companies remains less than ideal, it is now possible to get much more of the information necessary to test research questions in Japanese finance than was possible even a few years ago. Data sources once available only in Japan have now become available to U.S. -based researchers as well.

Miller has analyzed capital structure in the presence of both corporate and personal taxes. The present work investigates the effect of inflation on both interest rates and equity returns when the Miller equilibrium condition is employed in a loanable funds model. Both an interest rate effect and a redistribution effect are derived. The interest rate effect forces the responsiveness of the interest rate to the inflation rate to be below that hypothesized by Darby. However, the redistribution effect may change this responsiveness in either direction.

James R. Booth, Richard L. Smith, II, The Application of Errors-In-Variables Methodology to Capital Market Research: Evidence on the Small-Firm Effect, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Dec., 1985), pp. 501-515

Michio Kunimura, Yoshio Iihara, Valuation of Underwriting Agreements for Raising Capital in the Japanese Capital Market, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1985), pp. 231-241

Ivan E. Brick, Buckner A. Wallingford, The Relative Tax Benefits of Alternative Call Features in Corporate Debt, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Mar., 1985), pp. 95-105