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Spinning on Symbolism: The Spinning Metaphor and Dialectical Tensions
Spinning on Symbolism: Creating and Using the Threads of Our Minds
Spinning on Symbolism: Taking More Than One Story Seriously
Learning What's Inside the Teaching Machine From the Outside: Operant Technology Applied to Cognitive Phenomena
Leadership as an Example of Integrating Attribution and Operant Theory: A Reply to Mawhinney
Pfeffer's Model of Management: An Expansion and Modification
This article, based on an exploratory study of Pfeffer's model of management, recommends several modifications to its conception of the relationships between managerial actions and substantive and symbolic outcomes. We suggest that the manager's influence on beliefs is not necessarily greater than on tangible outcomes, but is contingent on managerial motivation, the type of symbolic action employed, and the type of organization involved. Our data indicate that factors affecting the strength of the link between substantive and symbolic outcomes differ with the type of symbolic actions employed and with the existence (or absence) of efforts to make the use of power unobtrusive.