This paper develops and tests a simple model for the determination of tariff and nontariff barriers to trade across industries within the United States, using 1970 trade data. We find that nontariff trade restrictions have supplemented tariff protection in the United States. Both tariff and nontariff trade restrictions are biased toward industries in which the United States has an apparent comparative disadvantage in world trade and away from industries in which consumer welfare losses from protection would be great. We also find substantial evidence that tariff and nontariff trade restrictions predominate in industries with very different market characteristics.

This paper develops and tests a simple model for the determination of tariff and nontariff barriers to trade across industries within the United States, using 1970 trade data. We find that nontariff trade restrictions have supplemented tariff protection in the United States. Both tariff and nontariff trade restrictions are biased toward industries in which the United States has an apparent comparative disadvantage in world trade and away from industries in which consumer welfare losses from protection would be great. We also find substantial evidence that tariff and nontariff trade restrictions predominate in industries with very different market characteristics.

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple model, based on profit-maximizing behavior, that can be used to derive estimable equations for U.S. foreign direct investment in manufacturing. Our estimation of foreign-investment equations requires estimates of production functions for U.S. manufacturing subsidiaries abroad. Specifically, I estimate the production function to be a constant-returns-to-scale, homogeneous, transcendental logarithmic function. I also present evidence in the form of my estimated foreign-direct-investment equation that domestic and foreign markets may be imperfectly competitive.

[The purpose of this paper is to present a simple model, based on profit-maximizing behavior, that can be used to derive estimable equations for U.S. foreign direct investment in manufacturing. Our estimation of foreign-investment equations requires estimates of production functions for U.S. manufacturing subsidiaries abroad. Specifically, I estimate the production function to be a constant-returns-to-scale, homogeneous, transcendental logarithmic function. I also present evidence in the form of my estimated foreign-direct-investment equation that domestic and foreign markets may be imperfectly competitive.]

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of intraindustry trade. The authors demonstrat that two-way trade flows occur where conditions are favorable to international specialization consistent with the Stigler-Williamson analysis of the division of labor. The results are inconsistent wit h the prevailing product differentiation-cum-scale economies model of intraindustry trade. In addition, the authors show that intraindustr y trade has a significant impact on protectionist pressures. Exports of closely related products have the effect of mitigating the tariff- raising effects that imports would otherwise exert.