THE arguments or variables that enter the demand function for money, and the definition of the quantity of money appropriate for the demand function, have received substantial attention in both the recent and more distant past. For present purposes, it is useful to distinguish three separate disputes about these variables. First, there is the question of the constraint that is imposed on money balances-whether the appropriate constraint is a measure of wealth, income, or some combination of the two. A second dispute has centered on the importance of interest rates and price changes as arguments in the demand function. Third, the question of the definition of money balances has often been raised. Is a more stable demand function obtained if money is defined inclusive or exclusive of time and/or savings deposits, and perhaps other assets that have value fixed in money terms?

When by the improvement and cultivation of land... the labour of half the society becomes sufficient to provide food for the whole, the other half... can be employed... in satisfying the other wants and fancies of mankind.