Knowledge that Transforms

This paper reports a meta-analysis of 86 studies of the two parameters of quasi-hyperbolic ([Formula: see text]) discounting, the dominant model of self-control failures in behavioral economics. The central tenet of the model is that decision makers have a “present bias,” [Formula: see text], for immediate rewards, on top of standard exponential discounting of the future, [Formula: see text]. After correcting for selective reporting, we obtain a meta-analytic estimate of [Formula: see text] for money of 0.938, with 95% confidence interval [0.905, 0.972]. For nonmonetary rewards, our estimate of [Formula: see text] is 0.750, with 95% confidence interval [0.643, 0.857], and there is no evidence of selective reporting. We find that present bias for real effort, although stronger than for money, is weaker than for other rewards such as real consumption.

One of the best ways for achieving success in an organization is by identifying, applying and implementing efficient strategies. Strategy is a tool for making organizational objectives such as long term goals, act plan and preference for resource assignment. Strategy is responding to opportunities, external threats, internal strengths and weaknesses that affect the organization. Organizational strategy includes important and basic decisions made by CEOs and top managers for their organizations. Decision about the differentiating abilities of the company, competitive advantage of company for representing value to customers in every part of business and the activity field of company are among the most important ones. It should be pointed out that the strategy must affect all daily decisions of managers and staffs of the company and determines the principal framework of the company and all members of the organization; decisions such as how to administrate various parts of company, trading of company, potential markets for the business, how to measure success and so on. Meanwhile, in the current review paper, we will present a review on effective implementation of technological venture capital strategies by Ayandeh Bank.

Cape Verdean banking sector had seen some corporate difficulties in the past, specially concerning to non-performing loans, which principally resulted due to lack of a robust corporate governance structure. This study provides a theoretical framework and a model for understanding the concept of corporate governance rather than empirical views. This was achieved by delineating the historical overview of corporate governance, theory of corporate governance, principles and benefits of corporate governance, mechanisms of corporate governance and the legal frameworks. The study concludes that the key setback to corporate governance in Cape Verdean banking sector is non-existence of the code of corporate governance practices as well as the non-existence of the institute for corporate governance in Cape Verde.

Relationship lending may create benefits for borrowers by reducing information asymmetries. However, empirical evidence is mixed. We conduct a meta-analysis to summarize and explain the heterogeneity in the results in the literature using hand-collected information from 101 studies in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Latin America from 1970 to 2010. We find that strong relationships are generally beneficial for borrowers, but lending outcomes differ across the relationships’ dimensions. Long-lasting, exclusive, and synergy-creating bank relationships are associated with higher credit volume and lower loan rates. These benefits are more likely in the United States and in countries where bank competition is high. They are not related to the importance of small and medium-sized enterprises in an economy, suggesting that prevalence of relationship lending does not necessarily come along with borrower benefits. Our inferences are robust when we control for observed systematic heterogeneity in the original studies and hold in a bootstrapping analysis. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2088 .

The ways in which organizations construct, process and justify knowledge differ, with persisting effects upon their relative performance. The field of knowledge management has expanded into different, although intertwined, strands of research, demonstrating the power of knowledge in the success of organizational performance. However, a metatheory consolidating these approaches, as well as explaining and allowing for predictions of organizational performance with respect to the modes of dealing with knowledge within an organization, still seems to be lacking. This scoping review investigates the regularities by which ecosystems of innovation construct, process and justify their knowledge. The aim is to screen the landscape of research in support of the value of the idea that combining knowledge management with research into commons can lead to the construction of a meta-theory, allowing effective approaches to the original task of knowledge management, i.e. supporting the success of organizational performance in the long term.

This study was motivated by the premise that no nation grows further than the quality of its educational leaders. The purpose of this theoretical debate is to examine the wider context of leadership and its effectiveness towards improving school management. This academic evaluation examines recent theoretical developments in the study of educational leadership in school management. It begins with a concise overview of the meaning and concept of leadership in terms of research, theory, and practice. This is followed by an examination of the theories of leadership, principles and styles of leadership. Each section ends with an identification of contemporary issues and possible means of amelioration. This article concludes that success is certain if the application of the leadership styles, principles and methods is properly and fully applied in school management because quality educational leadership tradition offers great opportunity to further refine educational leadership and management policies and practices by accepting and utilizing the basic principles and styles of educational leadership.

A long-standing hypothesis is that firms that enter a market early (“first movers”) tend to have higher performance than their followers (“first-mover advantage”). Recently, researchers have begun to argue that the statistical tests that support this relationship are limited in their applicability. That is, it is suggested that because of the methods used, these tests show the relationship only for certain subsets of firms, markets, and types of performance. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether the findings are in fact sensitive to the methods used. We discovered that tests using market share as their performance measure were sharply and significantly more likely to find a first-mover advantage than tests using other measures (such as profitability or survival). Also significantly more likely to find an advantage were tests that sample from individually selected industries and those that include no measures of the entrants' competitive strength. Conversely, we found little evidence that “survivor bias” (the exclusion of nonsurviving entrants from the sample) affects a test's findings. The data further suggest that tests that use none of the questioned research practices will find a first-mover advantage no more often than can be accounted for by random statistical error alone.