This paper briefly stated the changes of family study viewpoints,comments on three new viewpoints on the principles of family study: the principle of bidirectionality and reciprocal action,the principle of the family as a social system and the principle of the family as a mediator, and made some suggestion for further scientific family research.
The paper states the processes of making the national urbannorms of the Group Intelligence Test for Children, (GITC ).3916 students aged 9 years to 18 years were randomly selectedfrom different parts of China,and tested by the members of acooperative group. The. peper reports the analysis of the testresults and basic information or the national urban norms.
Repp raises several issues that call into question the validity of my analysis Most important, he questions my interpretation of Kraepelin's and Jamison's view of mania and creativity I discuss this issue first because, if Repp is correct, there is no purpose in going further Repp also questions the validity of the measure I used to test the notion that mania increased the quality of Schumann's output I will also respond to this criticism
In a recent article in this journal, Weisberg (1994) examined the hypothesis that creative individuals suffering from manic-depressive disease not only are more productive during hypomanic phases (which they commonly are) but also produce works of higher quality than during normal or depressed periods As his test case, he took the composer Robert Schumann (1810-1856), who suffered from a bipolar affective disorder (Jamison, 1993, Ostwald, 1985, Slater & Meyer, 1959) and who left extensive records of his mood swings in letters and diaries A plot of the number of Schumann's compositions by year of completion (Weisberg's Fig 1) reveals two periods of particularly intense activity the years 1840 and 1849-1851, especially 1849 According to Slater and Meyer (1959), the years 1840, 1849, and 1851 coincide with hypomanic periods in Schumann's life Years classified as mostly depressive periods, by contrast, show very low productivity
This study tested for predicted effects of syntax on a repetition deficit (RD) known as repetition blindness, the reduced probability of recall for repeated words in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sentences The syntactic variable was phrase-congruent versus phrase-incongruent grouping within simultaneous RSVP displays With phrase-congruent grouping, each RSVP display contained a syntactic phrase (e g, “to play sports” in the sentence “They wanted to play sports but sports were not allowed”), whereas with phrase-incongruent grouping, RSVP displays contained nonphrases (e g, “sports but sports”) RD was extensive with phrase-incongruent grouping (29%), but nonsignificant (6%) with phrase-congruent grouping, as if phrase-congruent groups free up the extra processing time needed to connect repeated words into phrases in rapidly presented sentences, enabling top-down retrieval of the phrases during recall The present results comport with effects of syntax and prosody on auditory RD, and suggest that visual and auditory RD are identical underlying phenomena
Immediate recall decreases for repeated relative to unrepeated words in rapidly presented spoken lists, a phenomenon known as repetition deafness (RD) The present study examines RD as a test case for a distributed memory account of relations between language and memory Within the distributed memory framework, general connection-formation processes required for language comprehension influence repetition deficits in sentences Thus, RD should increase as a function of factors, such as listlike sentence prosody, that disrupt the formation of word-to-phrase links Also under this account, repetition blindness and RD in sentences should display fundamentally similar characteristics (e.g., relative insensitivity to low-level sensory differences between the repeated words) Using innovative procedures for computer sound manipulation, the present study obtained data supporting both predictions RD increased for sentences generated with listlike versus normal prosody, but did not differ reliably for acoustically similar versus dissimilar repeated words Implications of these data for the general issue of relations between language and memory are discussed
The study of auditory and music cognition provides opportunities to explore general cognitive mechanisms in a specific, highly structured domain We discuss two problems with implications for other domains of perception the self-organization of perceptual categories and invariant pattern recognition The perceptual category we consider is the octave We show how general principles of self-organization operating on a cochlear spectral representation can yield octave categories The example of invariant pattern recognition we consider is the recognition of invariant frequency patterns transformed to different absolute frequencies We suggest a system that uses pitch or musical key to map tones into a pitch-invariant format
Wood, Nczworski, and Stejskal are correct in noting that the Comprehensive System has been scrutinized less carefully than might have been expected or desired A few critiques have addressed isolated variables in the system, and some comments that have been published suggest that attempts at detailed scoring-coding of the Rorschach tend to neglect the idiographic features of the subject and that the system itself has limited use because it is not aligned with any particular theory of personality This article by Wood et al evolves from a different perspective in which the authors attempt to evaluate the system from an empirical basis Unfortunately, I am not sure that they have achieved their objective, mainly because the manner in which they have addressed each of the issues selected for discussion presents a rather misleading picture Let me attempt to address each in this comment
Psychology's long controversy regarding the Rorschach inkblot technique was apparently settled in 1974 with the publication of The Rorschach A Comprehensive System ( TRACS, Exner, 1974) That volume, with its subsequent extensions and revisions (Exner, 1978, 1986, 1991, 1993, Exner & Weiner, 1982, 1994), seemed to establish the Rorschach on a solid foundation of empirical research The Comprehensive System for the Rorschach as set forth in TRACS is now widely applied in clinical and forensic settings
Phonemic awareness, the ability to abstract and manipulate auditory symbols, is a distinguishing human characteristic Neurobiological specializations in the left hemisphere and cultural exposure to language interact to shape development of this ability Modern imaging techniques now permit investigation of the interaction of these forces In this initial cross-sectional study, we found evidence for a shift from neurobiological to cultural regulation In young children, aged 5 to 9, anatomical asymmetry of the auditory association cortex predicted phonemic awareness In older children, the relationship disappeared, as all children became skilled readers The findings suggest that children with different patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses may have different spatiotemporal patterns of cortical development