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Untersuchung von Wasserproben aus der Industrie auf freilebende Amöben

Psychological Science 2009 open access
Das Ziel vorliegender Studie bestand in der qualitativen Erfassung von Akanthamöben, Hartmannellen und Näglerien in Wasserproben aus der Papierindustrie. Diese aeroben Amöben sind primär freilebend (FLA) und ausgesprochene Kosmopoliten. Naegleria fowleri und Acanthamoeba spp. sind potentielle Humanpathogene, die schwere, meist tödlich verlaufende, Entzündungen des Gehirns, verursachen können. Darüber hinaus können insbesondere Akanthamöben und Hartmannellen als Vektoren und Reservoir für den Erreger der Legionärskrankheit, Legionella pneumophila, fungieren. Aufgrund von Legionellose-Ausbrüchen in europäischen Papierfabriken wurde ein fächerübergreifendes Forschungsprojekt zur Untersuchung von Prozesswasser-Proben auf Legionellen initiiert. Um einen zuverlässigen Nachweis der Amöben zu ermöglichen, sollten alle Proben mittels Kultur und molekularbiologischer Methoden im Parallelansatz untersucht werden. Hierfür wurden neue genus-spezifische PCR-Systeme etabliert. Die Acanthamoeba-Spezies sollten zusätzlich mittels Sequenz-Analyse genotypisiert werden. Insgesamt wurden 28 Wasserproben aus 16 verschiedenen Betrieben untersucht. Dabei konnten in 27 von 28 Wasserproben FLA nachgewiesen werden. Acanthamoeba war mit 89% die mit Abstand häufigste Gattung, gefolgt von diversen FLA, wie Echinamöben und Vahlkampfien in 32% der Proben. Vertreter der Gattung Hartmannella wurden in 21% der Wasserproben gefunden und Naegleria war nur in einer Probe nachweisbar. In 39% der Proben wurden mehrere Amöbengenera detektiert. Insgesamt waren fünf von 28 Wasserproben (18%) positiv auf Legionella spp. In allen fünf Proben waren auch Akanthamöben nachweisbar. In einer dieser fünf Legionella-positiven Proben wurden außerdem Hartmannellen detektiert und in einer Probe war Naegleria sp. nachweisbar. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass FLA, insbesondere Akanthamöben, in Industriewässern häufig sind und auch syntop mit Legionellen auftreten. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die Rolle der FLA für die Verbreitung von Legionellen.

Characterization of CD94/NKG2 receptors on cytotoxic lymphocytes

Psychological Science 2009 open access
Lektin-ähnliche Natürliche Killer (NK) -Zell Rezeptoren werden von NK und einem Teil der T Zellen exprimiert und vermitteln Schutz vor Pathogenen und Tumoren. Dazu gehört die Familie der heterodimeren CD94/NKG2 Rezeptoren. Diese besitzen entweder inhibierende oder aktivierende Funktion, erkennen das “selbst-Antigen” HLA-E und spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulierung der Zellaktivität. Ein erstes Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Verteilung von CD94/NKG2A und CD94/NKG2C Rezeptoren innerhalb der Lymphozyten des periphären Blutes (PBL) zu untersuchen und dadurch Subpopulationen von NK- und T- Zellen zu identifizieren. Die durchflusszytometrische Analyse ergab Subpopulationen von variierender Größe in Abhängigkeit vom individuellen Spender. Die größte Subpopulation wurde über den inhibierenden Rezeptor CD94/NKG2A definiert, wohingegen CD94/NKG2C stets von einer kleineren Population exprimiert wurde. Ein sehr geringer Prozentsatz an Zellen koexprimierte beide Rezeptoren. Dies gilt sowohl für NK- als auch T- Zellen. Des Weiteren haben wir untersucht, inwieweit die Expression von NKG2 Isoformen eine Auswirkung auf die Funktionen der Subpopulationen hat. Dafür wurde die Expansion dieser Subpopulationen in Kokulturen von mononukleären Zellen des periphären Blutes (PBMC) mit einer HLA Klasse Ia negativen, aber HLA-E transfektierten Zelllinie analysiert. Weiters wurde die Degranulierungs- Aktivität über CD107a gemessen. In der Kokultur zeigten NKG2C+ Zellen verstärkte Expansion im Vergleich zu NKG2A+ Zellen. Die wichtigsten funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen NKG2A und NKG2C positiven Subpopulationen waren eine Inhibition der Degranulation von frisch isolierten NKG2A+ Zellen in Abhängigkeit von HLA-E und ein HLA-E-vermittelte Aktivierung von zuvor kokultivierten, NKG2C+ Zellen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass der “selbst-Ligand” HLA-E voraktivierte Zellen über NKG2C induzieren kann. Schließlich wurden Methoden etabliert, um Zellexpansion im Zusammenhang mit Zytomegalovirus-infizierten Fibroblasten und Endothelzellen zu untersuchen, da NKG2 Rezeptoren für die Kontrolle von CMV durch das Immunsystem eine wichtige Rolle spielen dürften. Eine vom Spender abhängige, CMV assoziierte Amplifizierung von NKG2 exprimierenden NK und T-Zell Subpopulationen wurden festgestellt. Zusammenfassend konnten durch die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Experimente Subpopulationen auf NK- und T- Zellen anhand der Expression von NKG2 Rezeptoren definiert und funktionale Unterschiede im Zusammenhang mit HLA-E und CMV festgestellt werden.

Selective Attention and Perceptual Load in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Psychological Science 2009 open access
It has been suggested that the locus of selective attention (early vs. late in processing) is dependent on the perceptual load of the task. When perceptual load is low, irrelevant distractors are processed (late selection), whereas when perceptual load is high, distractor interference disappears (early selection). Attentional abnormalities have long been reported within autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and this study is the first to examine the effect of perceptual load on selective attention in this population. Fourteen adults with ASD and 23 adults without ASD performed a selective attention task with varying perceptual loads. Compared with the non-ASD group, the ASD group required higher levels of perceptual load to successfully ignore irrelevant distractors; moreover, the ASD group did not show any general reduction in performance speed or accuracy. These results suggest enhanced perceptual capacity in the ASD group and are consistent with previous observations regarding superior visual search abilities among individuals with ASD.

Color-Binding Errors During Rivalrous Suppression of Form

Psychological Science 2009 open access
How does a physical stimulus determine a conscious percept? Binocular rivalry provides useful insights into this question because constant physical stimulation during rivalry causes different visual experiences. For example, presentation of vertical stripes to one eye and horizontal stripes to the other eye results in a percept that alternates between horizontal and vertical stripes. Presentation of a different color to each eye (color rivalry) produces alternating percepts of the two colors or, in some cases, a color mixture. The experiments reported here reveal a novel and instructive resolution of rivalry for stimuli that differ in both form and color: perceptual alternation between the rivalrous forms (e.g., horizontal or vertical stripes), with both eyes' colors seen simultaneously in separate parts of the currently perceived form. Thus, the colors presented to the two eyes (a) maintain their distinct neural representations despite resolution of form rivalry and (b) can bind separately to distinct parts of the perceived form.

Transfer and Scaffolding of Perceptual Grouping Occurs Across Organizing Principles in 3- to 7-Month-Old Infants

Psychological Science 2009 open access
Previous research has demonstrated that organizational principles become functional over different time courses of development: Lightness similarity is available at 3 months of age, but form similarity is not readily in evidence until 6 months of age. We investigated whether organization would transfer across principles and whether perceptual scaffolding can occur from an already functional principle to a not-yet-operational principle. Six- to 7-month-old infants (Experiment 1) and 3- to 4-month-old infants (Experiment 2) who were familiarized with arrays of elements organized by lightness similarity displayed a subsequent visual preference for a novel organization defined by form similarity. Results with the older infants demonstrate transfer in perceptual grouping: The organization defined by one grouping principle can direct a visual preference for a novel organization defined by a different grouping principle. Findings with the younger infants suggest that learning based on an already functional organizational process enables an organizational process that is not yet functional through perceptual scaffolding.

Hemispheric Differences in the Recognition of Environmental Sounds

Psychological Science 2009 open access
Recent work has found support for two dissociable and parallel neural subsystems underlying object and shape recognition in the visual domain: an abstract-category subsystem that operates more effectively in the left cerebral hemisphere than in the right, and a specific-exemplar subsystem that operates more effectively in the right hemisphere than in the left. Evidence of this asymmetry has been observed for linguistic stimuli (words, pseudoword forms) and nonlinguistic stimuli (objects). In the auditory domain, we previously found hemispheric asymmetries in priming effects using linguistic stimuli (spoken words). In the present study, we conducted four long-term repetition-priming experiments to investigate whether such hemispheric asymmetries would be observed for nonlinguistic auditory stimuli (environmental sounds) as well. The results support the dissociable-subsystems theory. Specificity effects were obtained when sounds were presented to the left ear (right hemisphere), but not when sounds were presented to the right ear (left hemisphere). Theoretical implications are discussed.

Grammatical and Phonological Influences on Word Order

Psychological Science 2009 open access
During the grammatical encoding of spoken multiword utterances, various kinds of information must be used to determine the order of words. For example, whereas in adjective-noun utterances like "red car," word order can be determined on the basis of the word's grammatical class information, in noun-noun utterances like "... by car, bus, or ...," word order cannot be determined on the basis of a word's grammatical class information. We investigated whether a word's phonological properties play a role in grammatical encoding. In four experiments, participants produced multiword utterances in which the words' onset phonology was manipulated. Phonological-onset relatedness yielded inhibitory effects in noun-noun utterances, no effects in noun-adjective utterances, and facilitatory effects in adjective-noun, noun-verb, and adjective-adjective-noun utterances. These results cannot be explained by differences in the stimulus displays used to elicit the utterances and suggest that grammatical encoding is sensitive to the phonological properties of words.

Consumption After a Diet Violation

Psychological Science 2009 open access
Previous research, restricted to the laboratory, has found that restrained eaters overeat after they violate their diet. However, there has been no evidence showing that this same process occurs outside the lab. We hypothesized that outside of this artificial setting, restrained eaters would be able to control their eating. In Study 1, 127 participants reported hourly on their diet violations and eating over 2 days. In Study 2, 89 participants tracked their intake for 8 days, and 50 of these participants consumed a milk shake (a diet violation) on Day 7, as part of an ostensibly unrelated study. As hypothesized, dieters did not overeat following violations of their diet in either study. These findings are in contrast with those of previous lab studies and dispel the widely held belief that diet violations lead to overeating in everyday life.

Social Anxiety and Anger Identification

Psychological Science 2009 open access
We investigated the facial information that socially anxious and nonanxious individuals utilize to judge emotions. Using a reversed-correlation technique, we presented participants with face images that were masked with random bubble patterns. These patterns determined which parts of the face were visible in specific spatial-frequency bands. This masking allowed us to establish which locations and spatial frequencies were helping participants to successfully discriminate angry faces from neutral ones. Although socially anxious individuals performed as well as nonanxious individuals on the emotion-discrimination task, they did not utilize the same facial information for the task. The fine details (high spatial frequencies) around the eyes were discriminative for both groups, but only socially anxious participants additionally processed rough configural information (low spatial frequencies).