Research has proved that motor skills can be acquired through implicit learning.This paper makes a brief survey of the paradigms of implicit motor learning,the major theories in this area and the characteristics of motor skills acquired implicitly.At the end of the paper,an outlook is made on the research trend in the future.
This research examined the development of 2-yerar-old children's delaying self-gratification in different situations.The result shows that(1) 2-year-old children display a self-controlled ability to delay satisfication,but there is great difference among individuals.(2) Their self-control over delay varies with genders;girls do better than boys.(3) Setting models has some influence on their self-control over delay,but there is no significant difference.
Lektin-ähnliche Natürliche Killer (NK) -Zell Rezeptoren werden von NK und einem Teil der T Zellen exprimiert und vermitteln Schutz vor Pathogenen und Tumoren. Dazu gehört die Familie der heterodimeren CD94/NKG2 Rezeptoren. Diese besitzen entweder inhibierende oder aktivierende Funktion, erkennen das “selbst-Antigen” HLA-E und spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulierung der Zellaktivität. Ein erstes Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Verteilung von CD94/NKG2A und CD94/NKG2C Rezeptoren innerhalb der Lymphozyten des periphären Blutes (PBL) zu untersuchen und dadurch Subpopulationen von NK- und T- Zellen zu identifizieren. Die durchflusszytometrische Analyse ergab Subpopulationen von variierender Größe in Abhängigkeit vom individuellen Spender. Die größte Subpopulation wurde über den inhibierenden Rezeptor CD94/NKG2A definiert, wohingegen CD94/NKG2C stets von einer kleineren Population exprimiert wurde. Ein sehr geringer Prozentsatz an Zellen koexprimierte beide Rezeptoren. Dies gilt sowohl für NK- als auch T- Zellen. Des Weiteren haben wir untersucht, inwieweit die Expression von NKG2 Isoformen eine Auswirkung auf die Funktionen der Subpopulationen hat. Dafür wurde die Expansion dieser Subpopulationen in Kokulturen von mononukleären Zellen des periphären Blutes (PBMC) mit einer HLA Klasse Ia negativen, aber HLA-E transfektierten Zelllinie analysiert. Weiters wurde die Degranulierungs- Aktivität über CD107a gemessen. In der Kokultur zeigten NKG2C+ Zellen verstärkte Expansion im Vergleich zu NKG2A+ Zellen. Die wichtigsten funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen NKG2A und NKG2C positiven Subpopulationen waren eine Inhibition der Degranulation von frisch isolierten NKG2A+ Zellen in Abhängigkeit von HLA-E und ein HLA-E-vermittelte Aktivierung von zuvor kokultivierten, NKG2C+ Zellen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass der “selbst-Ligand” HLA-E voraktivierte Zellen über NKG2C induzieren kann. Schließlich wurden Methoden etabliert, um Zellexpansion im Zusammenhang mit Zytomegalovirus-infizierten Fibroblasten und Endothelzellen zu untersuchen, da NKG2 Rezeptoren für die Kontrolle von CMV durch das Immunsystem eine wichtige Rolle spielen dürften. Eine vom Spender abhängige, CMV assoziierte Amplifizierung von NKG2 exprimierenden NK und T-Zell Subpopulationen wurden festgestellt. Zusammenfassend konnten durch die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Experimente Subpopulationen auf NK- und T- Zellen anhand der Expression von NKG2 Rezeptoren definiert und funktionale Unterschiede im Zusammenhang mit HLA-E und CMV festgestellt werden.
Human visual perception is sometimes ambiguous, switching between different perceptual structures, and shifts of attention sometimes favor one perceptual structure over another. It has been proposed that, in figure-ground segmentation, attention to certain regions tends to cause those regions to be perceived as closer to the observer. Here, we show that this attention effect can be reversed under certain conditions. To account for these phenomena, we propose an alternative principle: The visual system chooses the interpretation that maximizes simplicity of the attended regions.
It has been suggested that the locus of selective attention (early vs. late in processing) is dependent on the perceptual load of the task. When perceptual load is low, irrelevant distractors are processed (late selection), whereas when perceptual load is high, distractor interference disappears (early selection). Attentional abnormalities have long been reported within autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and this study is the first to examine the effect of perceptual load on selective attention in this population. Fourteen adults with ASD and 23 adults without ASD performed a selective attention task with varying perceptual loads. Compared with the non-ASD group, the ASD group required higher levels of perceptual load to successfully ignore irrelevant distractors; moreover, the ASD group did not show any general reduction in performance speed or accuracy. These results suggest enhanced perceptual capacity in the ASD group and are consistent with previous observations regarding superior visual search abilities among individuals with ASD.
How does a physical stimulus determine a conscious percept? Binocular rivalry provides useful insights into this question because constant physical stimulation during rivalry causes different visual experiences. For example, presentation of vertical stripes to one eye and horizontal stripes to the other eye results in a percept that alternates between horizontal and vertical stripes. Presentation of a different color to each eye (color rivalry) produces alternating percepts of the two colors or, in some cases, a color mixture. The experiments reported here reveal a novel and instructive resolution of rivalry for stimuli that differ in both form and color: perceptual alternation between the rivalrous forms (e.g., horizontal or vertical stripes), with both eyes' colors seen simultaneously in separate parts of the currently perceived form. Thus, the colors presented to the two eyes (a) maintain their distinct neural representations despite resolution of form rivalry and (b) can bind separately to distinct parts of the perceived form.
Previous research has demonstrated that organizational principles become functional over different time courses of development: Lightness similarity is available at 3 months of age, but form similarity is not readily in evidence until 6 months of age. We investigated whether organization would transfer across principles and whether perceptual scaffolding can occur from an already functional principle to a not-yet-operational principle. Six- to 7-month-old infants (Experiment 1) and 3- to 4-month-old infants (Experiment 2) who were familiarized with arrays of elements organized by lightness similarity displayed a subsequent visual preference for a novel organization defined by form similarity. Results with the older infants demonstrate transfer in perceptual grouping: The organization defined by one grouping principle can direct a visual preference for a novel organization defined by a different grouping principle. Findings with the younger infants suggest that learning based on an already functional organizational process enables an organizational process that is not yet functional through perceptual scaffolding.
taking scores for women were significantly higher than those for men (p < .01), the scores were divided based on gender. We defined low and high perspective taking as more than 1.5 standard deviations lower or higher than the average score, respectively. A total of 42 participants, 14 each (7 female, 7 male) with low, av- erage, and high perspective-taking scores, participated in the experiment. During the fMRI experiment, participants viewed, imitated, and produced social facial expressions or nonsocial facial movements. Social facial expressions are expressions used during social interactions (e.g., happiness, anger, surprise), whereas nonsocial facial movements are typically overlooked in social interactions (e.g., blinking, chewing, sneezing). For each partic- ipant, we obtained five time series for social facial expressions and nonsocial facial movements. During each time series, there were three conditions. In the viewing condition, participants passively viewed the video clips. During the imitation condition, participants imitated the expressions or facial movements that they saw in the video clip. Finally, during the production condi- tion, participants saw a word or phrase describing the expressions or facial movements and produced the action described. Partic- ipants practiced the task outside the scanner to ensure accurate performance.