Journal Article Stock Dividends in Large and Small Companies Get access John Jewkes John Jewkes University of Manchester, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 45, Issue 2, February 1931, Pages 352–357, https://doi.org/10.2307/1885479 Published: 01 February 1931
Journal Article The New American Immigration Policy and the Labor Market Get access Niles Carpenter Niles Carpenter University of Buffalo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 45, Issue 4, August 1931, Pages 720–723, https://doi.org/10.2307/1883252 Published: 01 August 1931
I. Introduction, 371. — II. Origins of the Act, 373. — III. Nature of the System, 376. — Eligibility, 378. — Interpretation of eligibility provisions by the Board, 379. — Goodness versus eligibility, 381. — The problem of controlling the use of reserve bank credit, 383. — IV. The position of control, 386. — Open market operations, 387. — Control and the magnitude of member bank indebtedness, 393. — Rediscount rates, 394: — Rate structure in Great Britain and the United States and the significance of the buying rate, 396. — An ineffective discount policy, 399. — Direct methods, 399. — V. Conclusion, 406.
Early history of the industry in Europe, 589.— Growth in the United States since 1911; the American Viscose Company the leading producer, 590. — The technical processes, 592. — Steady improvement of rayon quality, 593.—Protection and its proximate results, 597.—Failures and successes, 600.— Advance in comparative effectiveness, 603.— Costs abroad and at home, 604.—Extraordinary profits, 608.—Domestic and foreign prices, 610.—Duopoly; international ramifications and combinations, 614.— Summary on tariff effects, 617.— The future, 619.
I. Introduction. Three concepts of velocity defined. — Various senses in which the term price level is used, 36. — II. Turnover of Media. Use of the turnover concept by Irving Fisher, J. M. Keynes, and R. G. Hawtrey, 37. — The neutralization of changes in turnover of media by changes in turnover of commodities, services, and securities, 44. — Support for this a priori contention found in the statistical studies of Carl Snyder, 48. — III. The Balance Concept of Velocity. Use of the concept by Irving Fisher, J. M. Keynes, and R. G. Hawtrey, 52. — Objections to the use of the concept, 55. — IV. The Expenditure Ratio. The relative merits of the expenditure ratio concept and the balance concept, 59. — The probability of the practical occurrence of changes in the expenditure ratio, 61. — Antithetical movements of consumers' and the business expenditure ratio, 63. — Exact neutralization of changes in expenditure ratios by changes in the other factors of the equation possible but improbable, 65.
The assumption of independent national price systems, in theory and in treatment of current problems, 409. — I. No domestic and no international prices; only local prices, more or less sensitive to external conditions, 410; merchandise and services, wholesale and retail prices, not differentiated in the terms "international" and "domestic" commodities, 413. — II. Parallelism in movement of wholesale price indices, 413; Internationalization of the commodity price structure, 414. — III. Illusion of domestic price structure for wholesale merchandise: large or sustained movement not essential to price interdependence, 422; defective market data and apparent price deviations, 432; limitations upon actual deviation; a priori indications of high correlation, 433. — IV. Reformulation: the local category consists mainly of services and retail prices, 436; merchandise at wholesale is international, 437; regional prices structurally related, 442. — V. Practical applications: farm relief, 452; export combinations, 453; tariff and monetary problems, 455. — VI. Regional prices of international goods: as affected by foreign exchange, 456; by movement of specie or changes in purchasing power, 457; a possible reconciliation with orthodox theory, 458; price stabilization through credit policies of central banks, 459.
Introduction, 460. — Birth registration introduced after 1850 but generally unsuccessful in the United States, 460. — Census and registration returns in New York, 465. — Birth registration in Indiana, 470. — Census and birth registration returns in Michigan, 472. — Conclusions, 482.
Spread of Raiffeisen type to the Orient, 484. — Famine the impetus to the movement in China, 485. — The model constitution of 1923, 486. — The Central Bank and its policy, 487. — Its educational activities, 489. — Credit unions, 491. — Growth of coöperatives, 491. — Status and purpose of loans, 492. — Comparative cost of loans, 495. — The outlook, 496.
Nature of the problem, 309; of the data, 314. — Evidence as to geographical mobility of labor, 316. — Duration of unemployment: before first job, 324; time on first job, 329; time lost during period of survey, 329; unemployed at end of survey, 332: — Quality of jobs obtained, 334. — Change in annual income, 339. — The dismissal wage: purpose, 342; utilization, 343; adequacy, 345.
I. The Australian Tariff Committee's report and free trade theory, 289. — The expansion of primary production, 290. — The tariff and the growth of population in Australia, 293. — II. Marshall's doctrine of increasing and decreasing returns, 295. — The tariff and land values, 296. — The tariff as a method of reducing the severity of decreasing returns, 297. — III. Patten's case for protection, 299. — The conditions necessary for its application, 302. — IV. The limits of economic protection, 305. — V. The expediency of the tariff as a method of subsidizing industry, 306.