This paper critically reassesses the results of a previous evaluation of the research performance of four radio astronomy observatories over the period 1969?1978, completed by two of the authors in 1980. At the same time, the evaluation is updated by presenting bibliometric (publication and citation) data for the subsequent five-year period 1979?1983. While application of a more developed evaluation methodology is shown not to alter significantly the conclusions arrived at in the earlier study, there is evidence that the relative research performance of the four observatories has changed significantly since 1978.
The received theory of induced innovation implies that input prices, as well as other economic factors such as demand and market structure, determine the extent and nature of the optimizing firm's allocation of resources to research activity. This paper investigates the effects of large increases in the prices of energy and other intermediate materials during the early to mid 1970s on the amount of R&D performed by U.S. manufacturing firms. The evidence indicates that industries most affected by these price increases maintained the highest growth rate of R&D expenditure, holding constant output growth.
Researchers and decision-makers have shown considerable interest in the determinants of adoption of technological innovation in medicine by doctors and other health professionals. At the same time, comparatively little attention has been paid to the abandonment of technology. Our approach was to study the pattern of decline of drugs introduced to market following the 1962 amendments to the federal Food and Drug Act. On a sample of eight pharmaceuticals that met the criteria, we considered whether or not the pattern of abandonment observed in available time series data suggested support for a chain-reaction type of diffusion process via opinion leaders, and failed to find such support. We believe that abandonment behavior by physicians must sometimes be affected directly by external information stimuli without the need for processing by an intermediary opinion leader.
The flow of technological information, in particular the type of sources and transfer channels for technological information has been a focus of research interest since the very first studies concerning management of research and development. However, the results of these empirical studies, although encouraging and useful to managers, leave several questions unanswered, and even worse, contain some contradictions. In this paper we will try to explain some of these contradictions using the technology characteristics as an contingency factor. The model, which we will present has been tested in a twofold way: questionnaires were used to provide insight into the importance of some sources, while interviews on the basis of standardized problems led us to a better insight into sources and channels.
This paper considers two aspects of technical change in the ceramic tile industry in Italy: firstly, the process of invention, adoption and diffusion of new techniques in the industry; secondly, the impact of forces of a technical nature in shaping the industrial structure. The process of technical change is examined in the light of the interrelationships between firms and their proximity. These are crucial elements characterizing an “industrial district”, whose boundaries go beyond the industry defined on a product basis. The industrial district is adopted as unit of analysis of the process of technical change. Moreover, economic, social and institutional features are considered. In this context the historical developments of new techniques are discussed in terms of the constraints to the established position of the firm at a particular time. Among the determinants of the ceramic tile industrial structure, economies of scale have had a minor role. The pattern of vertical disintegration we observe in the industry is - instead - closely related to the technical developments in the industry through the effects of technical change on the product and process specialization of the production units operating in the industrial district.
Previous representations of the processes of technical change found in economics are deficient because they make the production of technology and innovations exogenous and they do not reflect the considerable variety of the sources. It is vital to systematically build a body of knowledge - based on both data and theories-that includes the production of technology and reflects sectoral diversity. Using data collected by Townsend et al. regarding the characteristics of 2000 significant British innovations and innovating firms from 1945 to 1979, the sectoral patterns of technical change are considered. Similarities and differences among sectors in the sources, nature and impact of innovations - defined by the sources of knowledge inputs, the size and principal lines of activity of innovating firms, and the sectors of an innovation's production and main use - are described and explained. The two central characteristics of innovations and innovating firms that emerged are: (1) most knowledge applied by firms in innovations is not general purpose and easily transmitted and reproduced, rather it is appropriate for specific applications and for specific firms; and (2) sectors vary in the relative importance of product and process innovations, in sources of process technology, and in the size and patterns of the technological diversification of innovating firms. In order to categorize and explain these characteristics, a taxonomy and theory of sectoral patterns are proposed, based on whether a sector is primarily supplier dominated, production intensive or science based. A close relationship is found between investment in user sectors and innovative activities in upstream capital goods. In addition, an explanation of the balance in different sectors between product and process innovation is offered and expectations regarding the degree to which firms develop their own process innovations or buy them from upstream suppliers of production equipment are presented. The taxonomy offers insight into (1) the R&D and technological mechanisms of diversification or of economic activity within sectors, and (2) how technical change may have an economic impact on firms. The links at firm level between firm strategy and R&D strategy are also identified. Finally, the technological trajectories of firms, as a function of their principal activities, are identified, which makes a prediction of the future paths of technological diversification across product lines and sectors possible. (SFL)
Case histories were compiled of 100 instances of technological change in 102 manufacturing companies in eight industries in Ireland, Spain and Mexico. The cases are analyzed for the source of initial ideas and for sources of technology employed in resolving major problems. Technology is found to flow principally through informal channels within industries. Very little information was obtained from the formal mechanisms or institutions normally considered central to the technology transfer process. Foreign subsidiaries obtain the greatest proportion of their technology from their parent firms. Surprisingly, they are found to have several channels of technology blocked to them, which are more readily available to domestic firms. Domestic firms, in many ways have easier access to foreign technology than do the subsidiaries of multinational firms. Product and process innovations originate in somewhat different quarters. Process innovations are slightly more likely to be based on foreign technology; product innovations are more likely to be based on domestic technology. The results reported in the present paper are very similar in many ways to results reported previously in Brazil and Australia.
The rapid growth of network-related services in the last decade has produced a huge amount of sensitive data on the internet. But networks are very much prone to intrusions where unauthorized users attempt to access sensitive information and even disrupt the system. Building a competent network intrusion detection system (IDS) is necessary to prevent such attacks. IDSs generally use machine learning algorithms for classifying the attacks. But the features used for classification are not always suitable or sufficient. Besides, the number of intrusions is much less than the number of non-intrusions. Hence naive approaches may fail to provide acceptable performance due to this class imbalance. To counter this problem, in this paper, we propose a model that extracts useful features from the given features and then uses a deep learning algorithm to classify the intrusions. It is to be noted that underlying data points cannot be thought of as sampled from the same distribution, rather from two different distributions - one generic to all network intrusions, and the other specific to the domain. Keeping this fact in mind, we propose a unique Generic-Specific autoencoder architecture where the generic one learns the features that are common across all forms of network intrusions, and the specific ones learn features that are pertaining only to that domain. The model has been evaluated on the CICIDS2017 dataset, which is the largest dataset of this type available online, and we have set new benchmark results on this dataset. Source code of this work is available at: https://github.com/SoumyadeepThakur/Intrusion-AE