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Technological flows and choice of joint ventures in technology alliances

Research Policy 2007 open access
This paper analyses the influence of technological flows in the choice of joint ventures as a governance form of technology alliances, using a theoretical framework based on Transaction Costs Economics and the Economics of Intellectual Property Rights. We argue that the formation of a joint venture is only necessary in situations for which technological flows make the monitoring of alliance activities and the distribution of cooperation rents difficult. Our hypotheses have been confirmed using a sample of technology alliances created by companies from the European Union between 1992 and 1999.

Orphan drugs: Unmet societal need for non-profitable privately supplied new products

Research Policy 2007 open access
Due to the severity of rare diseases, the societal need for biopharmaceutical treatments for these diseases is high, despite low numbers of patients. Therefore, we investigated the barriers currently hindering the willingness to develop orphan drugs in the Netherlands. To this end, a robust, small sample, exploratory analysis of Dutch multi-actor development of orphan drugs was performed. Various factors that were expected to stimulate the adoption of orphan drug development were found to be important barriers. Concerted actions of producers, users, and especially regulators are necessary to overcome these barriers, but the prerequisite of a shared problem definition is lacking.