Efficiency and the Value of Money
In a monetary model, it is shown that if there is a unique Pareto inefficient barter equilibrium, then a monetary equilibrium exists when traders are sufficiently patient. 1.
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Research and Development and Intra-industry Spillovers: An Empirical Application of Dynamic Duality
The authors estimate a model of production and investment based on the theory of dynamic duality. They are particularly interested in the effects of R&D spillovers and in calculating the social and private rates of return. Cost-reducing, factor-biasing and capital-adjustment spillover effects are estimated for four industries. The existence of R&D spillovers implies that the social and private rates of return to R&D capital differ. The authors estimate that the social return exceeds the private return in each industry. Moreover, there is significant variation across industries in the differential between the social and private rates of return. Copyright 1989 by The Review of Economic Studies Limited.
Assessing Dynamic Efficiency: Theory and Evidence
The issue of dynamic efficiency is central to analyses of capital accumulation and economic growth. Yet the question of what characteristics should be examined to determine whether actual economies are dynamically efficient is unresolved. This paper develops a criterion for determining whether an economy is dynamically efficient. The criterion, which holds for economies in which technological progress and population growth are stochastic, involves a comparison of the cash flows generated by capital with the level of investment. Its application to the United States economy and the economies of other major OECD nations suggests that they are dynamically efficient.
Why is Consumption So Smooth?
For thirty years it has been accepted that consumption is smooth because permanent income is smoother than measured income. This paper considers the evidence for the contrary position, that permanent income is in fact less smooth than measured income, so that the smoothness of consumption cannot be straightforwardly explained by permanent income theory. The paper argues that in postwar U.S. quarterly data, consumption is smooth because it responds with a lag to changes in income.