[Congress introduced the first version of the minimum tax provisions in the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Congress subsequently modified the minimum tax provisions with the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (TRA76), the Revenue Act of 1978 (RA78), and the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA). This study evaluates the TRA76, RA78, and TEFRA minimum tax provisions from the perspective of horizontal equity. The study is based on taxpayer data from the 1978 Individual Tax Model prepared by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Relevant individuals are classified into groups of equally-situated taxpayers based on expanded income. For each such group, the coefficient of variation (CV) is computed, and the three minimum tax structures are compared for their relative equity effects. The study generally concludes that the TRA76 add-on minimum tax best enhances horizontal equity.]

It is uncommon for non-discretionary accounting changes to increase reported income. An earlier study by Harrison [1977] concluded that the stock market reacted favorably to such changes. This study reexamines the market's reaction to a change from the cost to the equity method of accounting for long-term investments. Evidence is found to support the view that earnings adjustments precipitated by the change contained new information. However, no market reaction was detected in weeks containing public announcements leading up to and including the Accounting Principles Board's adoption of the change.

This paper reports the results of a sixth triennial canvass covering 74 doctoral programs in the United States. For the first time, six Canadian doctoral programs are included. Data are provided on universities offering doctoral degrees, degrees awarded between 1980 and 1982, candidates in coursework stage, and candidates in dissertation stage. Canadian statistics, presented in a separate section, indicate a small but growing number of candidates and graduates. Doctoral degrees granted in the three-year period by United States universities increased in each year, reaching an all-time high of 177 in 1982. Offsetting this is a forecasted decrease in graduates for 1983 and 1984. Enrollments of candidates at the dissertation stage declined by 6.4 percent since the 1980 survey. Candidates at the coursework stage declined by 4.4 percent. The national three-year doctoral output has remained in the range of 424 to 469 since 1971.

[This paper reports the results of a sixth triennial canvass covering 74 doctoral programs in the United States. For the first time, six Canadian doctoral programs are included. Data are provided on universities offering doctoral degrees, degrees awarded between 1980 and 1982, candidates in coursework stage, and candidates in dissertation stage. Canadian statistics, presented in a separate section, indicate a small but growing number of candidates and graduates. Doctoral degrees granted in the three-year period by United States universities increased in each year, reaching an all-time high of 177 in 1982. Offsetting this is a forecasted decrease in graduates for 1983 and 1984. Enrollments of candidates at the dissertation stage declined by 6.4 percent since the 1980 survey. Candidates at the coursework stage declined by 4.4 percent. The national three-year doctoral output has remained in the range of 424 to 469 since 1971.]

[Although many firms now prepare a cash-based statement of changes in financial position, reported "funds from operations" is typically a measurement of working capital. The statement reader wishing to determine cash flow from operations must use a series of indirect adjustments to do so. Our purpose in this paper is to identify the inherent difficulties the reader encounters when using this indirect method to convert reported funds from operations to a cash flow amount. We demonstrate how the indirect method will in fact not equal actual cash flow from operations because of numerous conceptual and practical problems encountered when applying the necessary adjustments. We develop illustrations of these problems, and we show how cash flow from operations calculated by the indirect method is, at best, an estimate of actual cash provided by operations.]

[It is uncommon for non-discretionary accounting changes to increase reported income. An earlier study by Harrison [1977] concluded that the stock market reacted favorably to such changes. This study reexamines the market's reaction to a change from the cost to the equity method of accounting for long-term investments. Evidence is found to support the view that earnings adjustments precipitated by the change contained new information. However, no market reaction was detected in weeks containing public announcements leading up to and including the Accounting Principles Board's adoption of the change.]

Reviews the book " Income Tax Compliance: A Report of the ABA Section of Taxation Invitational Conference on Income Tax Compliance," edited by Phillip Sawicki.

[Decisions about a subordinate's behavior are among the most important control problems facing audit managers and partners. Green and Mitchell [1979] apply attribution theory to examine supervisors' decisions made following a subordinate's behavior. Green and Mitchell argue that an individual's causal attributions regarding a subordinate's behavior serve as mediators between the behavior of the subordinate and the action responses of the evaluator. This paper reports the results of a study that examines the attribution judgments and responses made by auditors following an incidence of an audit senior's poor performance. Employee work history and client history each significantly affect the attribution judgments made by auditors. Also, the attribution judgments were associated significantly with the recommended responses of auditors. Additional analyses showed that the association was higher for internal attributions and responses than for external attributions and responses.]

Congress introduced the first version of the minimum tax provisions in the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Congress subsequently modified the minimum tax provisions with the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (TRA76), the Revenue Act of 1978 (RA78), and the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA). This study evaluates the TRA76, RA78, and TEFRA minimum tax provisions from the perspective of horizontal equity. The study is based on taxpayer data from the 1978 Individual Tax Model prepared by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Relevant individuals are classified into groups of equally-situated taxpayers based on expanded income. For each such group, the coefficient of variation (CV) is computed, and the three minimum tax structures are compared for their relative equity effects. The study generally concludes that the TRA76 add-on minimum tax best enhances horizontal equity.

This paper investigates the relationship between sampling risks and audit consequences under error and audit value projection testing approaches. The latter approach typically is presented in auditing textbooks in connection with classical variables sampling, while the former approach is shown to underlie both dollar-unit sampling methods (in which an upper precision limit for monetary error is computed) and statistical compliance testing methods. In particular, we demonstrate analytically that error projection approaches implicitly test null hypotheses which effectively are equivalent to an alternative hypothesis underlying audit value projection. We also present outcome matrices to identify the effect of such hypothesis interchange on the audit consequences of sampling risks, and thus provide a basis for clarifying sampling risk discussions in textbooks and the recently issued Audit and Accounting Guide: Audit Sampling.