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Cognitive Aspects of Annual Reports: Field Independence/Dependence

Edward J. Lusk
Journal of Accounting Research 1973 11, 191
The annual report is a communication instrument which may be used to differentiate among the various organizations in the business community. Both the results of economic activity (content), and the manner in which those results are presented (form),' constitute the message of the annual report (Li [1]). Owing to the potential impact of the annual report on decision makers, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants,2 through their institutional pronouncements, act to develop user confidence in the information contained in the annual report. These pronouncements have in large measure been addressed to monitoring content, leaving the presentation format of the annual report a discretionary variable.' Any attempts to influence annual report user (stockholders, security

Linear Regression with Error in the Deflating Variable

Mark Casson
Econometrica 1973 41(4), 751
MUCH APPLIED ECONOMETRIC work is based on the correlation and regression of ratio variables which have the same denominator. The denominator generally deflates the various sets of measurements in order to make them comparable. In certain cases deflation is a way of obtaining efficient estimators. Briggs [1] has studied the effect of errors in the deflating variable on the correlation between ratios. The effect of errors in the deflating variable on a scatter diagram of measurements on ratio variables is to displace each representative point along a ray from the origin passing through the representative point of the error-free measurement. This suggests that with error in the deflating variable the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimators of a bivariate regression are biased toward indicating a relationship of proportionality between the ratio variables. It can be demonstrated that this conjecture is generally valid for multiple linear regression with error in the deflator. In most cases in which deflation is used, it is reasonable to suppose that the deflator is a random variable distributed independently of the ratio variables; in this case the conditional expectation of the undeflated independent variables is proportional to the value of the deflator. Under this assumption it can be established that when there is error in the deflator the estimators of the slopes of the regression are inconsistent unless (i) the ratio regression has zero intercept, or (ii) the mean of each of the independent variables is zero, or (iii) the error in the deflator is systematic (i.e., the error term has zero variance). The estimator of the intercept may be inconsistent even when the estimators of the slopes are consistent; for the intercept estimator to be consistent it is necessary that either (i) the intercept