Knowledge that Transforms

Reviews the book "Modern Foreign Exchange," by Franklin Escher.

Reviews three books related to accounting. "Die Betriebswirtschaft," by H. Nicklisch; "Bilanz der Aktiengesellschaft," by R. Ruth and K. Schmaltz; "Wirtschaftsprüfung und Revisionswesen," by C.E. Poeschel.

In the June 1930 issue of the journal "The Accounting Review," there was published a series of short tests in accounting theory and practices, which had been developed at the University of Minnesota. Somewhat later, in March 1931, the journal carried a series of first-year examinations which had been given at the University of Illinois. In this article two sets of examination questions in first-year accounting are presented which have been developed and used at Cleveland College of Western Reserve University. These examination questions are again of the objective type, and they may be of interest in that they reveal further possibilities of using this type of test. Some of the questions included in the first set are, how should accounts ordinarily be arranged in the general ledger, what do the equities shown by the liability column of a balance sheet represent ordinarily, what is a balance sheet intended to show, what is meant by double entry, what does a debit mean in modern accounting and how should assets be listed in a balance sheet.

Reviews the book "Laissez Faire and After," by O. Fred Boucke.

Reviews the book "Cause and Control of the Business Cycle," by C.E. Harwood.

Reviews the book "The Abolition of Unemployment," by Frank D. Graham.

Reviews the book "Foreign Corporations."

Reviews the book "Federal Tax Handbook," by Robert H. Montgomery.

Reviews the book "World Economic Survey."

The holding company may be defined as a company which holds a substantial interest in the stock of one or more corporations. Organizations have been established and are in operation at the present time which hold a minority interest in some one corporation, their investment in this company being a very small part of their total assets, as of March 1933. This is one extreme. The other is the giant corporation, the assets of which consist in entirety of the securities of other corporations. In the broad sense of the term, these are both holding companies and there may be found holding companies at each stage between these two extremes. The author attempts to distinguish between the pure holding company and the so-called parent company. Students of corporation finance generally agree that the pure holding company is one which owns no physical properties in its own name and operates none as an organization. Its function is one of holding securities in other corporations for the purpose of directing their activities. The parent company owns both physical properties and securities of other corporations. It has a two-fold purpose, that of operating its producing assets and controlling the properties of its subsidiaries through stock voting.