Employment verification systems covered about one out of four people hired in the United States in 2010. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of state-level employment verification mandates on the employment and wages of likely unauthorized workers across the entire United States between 2004 and 2010. We find that E-Verify mandates, particularly those covering all employers, significantly curtail the employment likelihood of likely unauthorized male and female workers. However, they appear to have mixed effects on wages and may redistribute likely unauthorized labor towards industries often benefiting from specific exclusions, such as agriculture or food services.

Little is known about the microeconomic impacts of workers ’ remittances despite their magnitude in countries with considerable out-migration. Reports that families receiving international remittances severely curtail their work efforts are fairly common in the popular press (e.g. Frank 2001). Yet, we lack rigorous analyses of how male and female labor supplies respond to increases in remittance income to either support or refute these anecdotal observations. According to the neoclassical model of labor-leisure choice (Killingsworth 1983), remittances –a source of non-labor income – may lift budget constraints, raise reservation wages and, through an income effect, reduce the employment likelihood and hours worked by remittance-receiving individuals. However, the receipt of remittances is usually preceded by the out-migration of working-aged household members, which may induce changes in the labor supply of non-migrating household members in order to compensate for forgone income or to defray migration-related expenses. Distinguishing the disruptive effect from the income effect of remittance inflows is problematic as most surveys do not contain detailed information on household out-migration and remittance receipt. However, to the extent that these two effects are expected to have opposite impacts on labor supply, we can assess which effect dominates. The impact of remittances on the decision to work has been previously examined by Rodriguez and

Impact of Immigration on Prenatal Care Use and Birth Weight: Evidence from California in the 1990's by Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes and Kusum Mundra. Published in volume 93, issue 2, pages 242-246 of American Economic Review, May 2003

We evaluate how intensified interior immigration enforcement impacts the likelihood that children of unauthorized immigrants will repeat a grade or drop out of school. Using a weighted index of the intensity of interior immigration enforcement at the MSA level, we find that increased enforcement has the largest impact on younger children ages 6 to 13. The estimates, which account for the non-random residential location of children and their families, reveal that increased enforcement raises young children's probability of repeating a grade by 6 percent and their likelihood of dropping out of school by 25.2 percent.

Gender Differences in the Labor Market: Impact of IRCA by Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Cynthia Bansak and Steven Raphael. Published in volume 97, issue 2, pages 412-416 of American Economic Review, May 2007