This article uses the 2007–09 financial crisis as a negative liquidity shock on banks in the USA and analyzes its transmission to the real economy. The ex ante heterogeneity in the amount of long-term debt that matured during the crisis is used to measure the variation in banks’ exposure to the liquidity shock. I find that banks transmitted the liquidity shock to the real economy by reducing their loan supply. The reduction was particularly strong for real estate loans. As a result, house prices declined in the MSAs where these banks have branches. Bank capital plays a significant role in the transmission: under-capitalized banks transmitted the liquidity shock, whereas well-capitalized banks’ lending did not show any decline.

This paper studies the link between banks’ geographic specialization and the growth in their mortgage lending. Specialized banks increase their lending relatively less during the boom (2004 - 2006) and they experience a lower reduction in their loans through the following bust (2007 - 2009). In the aggregate, bank specialization has an impact on the overall credit rather than a mere reallocation of lending: MSAs with a higher exposure to specialized banks experience less expansion and contraction in mortgages. As a result, higher bank specialization is associated with a less severe boom and bust cycle in house prices.

Middle-aged people have a higher demand for bank loans compared to other age groups and banks that are active in regions with more middle-aged residents are exposed to higher loan demand. This generates a geographically varying demand for loans. Using this variation, we show that banks increase their loan supply and expand their balance sheet with an increase in their loan demand. They finance this expansion mainly with debt. This leads to a decrease in their Tier 1 ratios and an increase in their leverage, i.e., leverage is procyclical. By differentiating between worse-and better-capitalized banks, we highlight the importance of bank capital in banks’ lending and financing decisions.