This paper investigates the design of trade policies in an uncertain world. Governments in each of two countries select between direct quantity controls and subsidies in an attempt to shift profits in favour of domestic, imperfectly competitive firms. The equilibrium of this bilateral policy game depends critically on the variability of the environment. In a world of certainty, both governments would choose to regulate the behaviour of their firms through direct quantity controls. With a sufficient amount of uncertainty, both governments regulate their firms through subsidies. This result reflects an important tradeoff between the strategic advantages of direct quantity controls and flexibility gained by the use of subsidies

Discovery sampling is a frequently used auditing technique. The objective of discovery sampling is to decide whether to accept or reject an audit population for which acceptance is appropriate only if the occurrence rate of serious errors is very low. This objective is met by auditing a sample and accepting only if the sample is free of serious errors. This paper first develops a Bayesian decision theory approach to the discovery sampling problem. Using this approach the auditor optimizes sampling effort according to a decision model that explicitly includes such factors as risk of failure of accepting too high an error rate, losses from wrong decisions, sampling costs, and prior distribution of the error rate. The form of the loss function used includes both linear and quadratic loss functions as special cases. Methods and formulas applicable to various prior distributions for the error rate are obtained. Detailed results are derived for two state‐prior and gamma ‐prior distributions. A minimax approach that removes the need to elicit a complete prior distribution is then developed. Explicit formulas are obtained for both the admissible sample size range and for the minimax sample size. A comparison of results indicates that the minimax approach is nearly as efficient as approaches that require elicitation of prior problem rate distributions. Further analysis generalizes the methods by showing that for the Bayesian and minimax methods, analytical results can be derived for various forms of loss functions. Résumé. Le sondage de dépistage est une technique fréquemment utilisée en vérification qui a pour objectif de déterminer s'il faut accepter ou rejeter une population pour laquelle l'acceptation n'est appropriée que si la fréquence d'erreurs graves est très faible. L'objectif est réalisé au moyen de la vérification d'un échantillon et de son acceptation seulement si l'échantillon est exempt d'erreurs graves. L'auteur met d'abord au point une méthode inspirée de la théorie bayesienne de la décision, adaptée au problème du sondage de dépistage. En utilisant cette méthode, le vérificateur optimise le travail d'échantillonnage conformément à un modèle de décision qui comprend explicitement des facteurs tels que le risque d'échec ou le risque d'acceptation d'un taux d'erreur trop élevé, les pertes attribuables à de mauvaises décisions, les coûts d'échantillonnage et la distribution a priori du taux d'erreur. Des formes de fonction de perte utilisées, celles linéaires et quadratiques constituent des cas spéciaux. L'auteur obtient des méthodes et des formules applicables aux diverses distributions a priori du taux d'erreur. Il dérive les résultats analytiques pour les distributions a priori binômiale et gamma. L'auteur met ensuite au point une méthode minimax supprimant la nécessité d'obtenir une distribution a priori complète. Il obtient des formules explicites pour la fourchette de tailles d'échantillons admissibles ainsi que pour la taille de l'échantillon minimax. Une comparaison des résultats indique que la méthode minimax est presque aussi efficace que les méthodes qui exigent l'obtention de distributions a priori de taux d'erreurs. Le prolongement de l'analyse permet de généraliser les méthodes; il démontre en effet que pour les méthodes bayesienne aussi bien que minimax, les résultats analytiques peuvent être dérivés pour diverses formes de fonctions de perte.

The author presents an optimization model of a nursing home that incorporates the following characteristics: proprietary profit maximization, the distinction between private and Medicaid patients, nonessential expenditure aimed at market identification, and cost-based government reimbursement. The model is used to analyze the effect of changes in government reimbursement. The theoretical analysis indicates that increases in government reimbursement need not lead to increases in nonessential cost expenditures and private patient charges; in fact, the contrary may result. The econometric analysis suggests empirical support for the latter. Higher reimbursement factors are associated with lower charges.

This paper analyzes economic characteristics of firms that correct previously reported quarterly earnings. The basic findings are that, relative to their industry, the sample (correcting) firms are smaller, less profitable, have higher debt, are slower growing, and face more serious uncertainties. Their average stock returns between the issuance of erroneous quarterly reports and their correction are negative. Also, correction disclosure frequently precedes SEC or stockholder suits against firm management. Results are consistent with predictions based on the economic interests of management and their auditors.

The purpose of this paper is to model the legal exposure of auditors and to study the extent to which limitations on this exposure affect auditors' chosen audit intensity and collusion with management. Résumé. L'article qui suit a pour but de modéliser les risques auxquels sont exposés les vérificateurs de par la loi et de voir dans quelle mesure les limites de ce risque influent sur l'intensité de la vérification dont décident les vérificateurs et sur la collusion avec la direction.

on the theory of state and local public finance is the seminal paper by Charles Tiebout (1956). Tiebout constructed a multijurisdictional model in which independent local governments offer a wide variety of expenditure and tax policies, and perfectly mobile consumers reveal their preferences for local public goods through their choice of residential community. He argued that, under such circumstances, local public service provision would be efficient. The Tiebout model has formed the basis of a vast number of subsequent articles in the state and local public finance literature and has also been very influential in urban and regional economics. The efficiency properties of various Tiebout-type models of local public good provision have been examined, and the role of politics in these models has been debated at length in this literature. Of more direct relevance to this paper, however, is the fact that although Tiebout had little to say directly about taxation (simply assuming the existence of head taxes), subsequent analyses have used adaptations of this model to examine the effects of local head taxes, land taxes, and property taxes. It is the literature on the efficiency and distributional effects of alternative local taxes that is the subject of this survey. 1

Inventory accounting method, Uncertainty, Inventory accounting method changes, FIFO

Estimation in a class of simultaneous equation limited dependent variable models is considered. The minimum Chi-squared method is used to compare the asymptotic relative efficiency of marginal and new conditional maximum likelihood estimators for this class of models. Efficient minimum Chi-squared estimation procedures are described. A two-step algorithm based on a conditional maximum likelihood estimator provides a natural framework for both computing a linearized and locating the joint maximum likelihood estimator. The unimodality of the simultaneous equation tobit likelihood function is proved and this model is used to illustrate the empirical application of some of the estimators considered in the paper. The relative efficiency of these estimators in the simultaneous equation tobit model is examined in a set of Monte-Carlo experiments.