Knowledge that Transforms

I. Dr. Kuznets' methodological scepticism, 40. — II. Lederer, Loewe, and Carrel on equilibrium economics; the empiricorealist as circular reasoner, 42. — III. The equilibrium concept and economic dynamics, 55. — IV. Rosenstein-Rodan "discovers" orthodox economic theory, 63. — V. Business cycles and the Laws of Chance, 67. — VI. The program of Empirico-Realism provides neither a synthesis nor a call to economic theorists to abandon their evil courses, 81. — VII. The real problem of economic dynamics, 86.

The apparent conflict of opinion among present writers. — I. The difficulties in the statistical measurement of integration, 622. — Recent American experience, 623. — II. The economies of integration under stable and competitive conditions, 624. — The incompatibility of technical balance and commercial self-sufficiency, 626. — III. Integration in relation to monopoly and dynamic conditions, 629. — The offensive and defensive aspects of integration, 632. — The vertical concern in periods of depression and periods of prosperity, 633. — The vertical firm and technical changes, 635. — IV. Conclusion: Conflicting views more apparent than real, 637.

Introduction, 22. — Failure of early attempts to organize for propaganda purposes, 23. — Birth of the American Protective Tariff League, 24. — Description of its activities, 25. — Dispute with Henry O. Havemeyer in 1899, 31. — Relation of the Iron and Steel industry to the League, 33. — Falling away of the League's support and subsequent decline of its activities, 34.

The final settlement; commanding position of the Conference Committee. — Higher duties on agricultural commodities, such as sugar, wheat, cotton, 3. — Hides, wool, meat, and dairy products, 7. — Minor agricultural products, 9. — Manufactured articles, cottons, woolens, silks, 13 — The general trend, 16. — The Tariff Commission retained, with no marked changes in its powers, 19.

Introduction. — I. Development of a measure of the physical volume of production on the basis of the concept of production in general economic theory, 243. — The "index" and "deflating" methods, 244. — II. The relation between the economic quantities "production" and "national income, " 247. — III. The necessity of including the value factor in measures of physical production and the consequent shortcomings of such a measure, 250. — IV. Other limitations of a measure of physical production, 257. — V. Conclusions, 261.

I. The principle of equalizing costs professes to extend no favors, 175; in actual legislation, there is a scramble for favors, 177.—II. The Tariff Commission was established in 1916 as a body for inquiry and report, 178.—The great changes, in the flexible provisions of 1922, 179.—III. The Session of 1929–30, 180.—The make-up and procedure of the House and Senate Committees, 181.—The revolt of the insurgents, 184.—IV. The principle of merely equalizing costs ignored; aid to depressed industries (such as sugar) the dominant note, 186.—The farmers' representatives press for aid in other ways than by increased tariff rates, 189.—V. The Tariff Commission again; its unsatisfactory working after 1922, 191.—VI. Possibilities of the future, 194.—Tariff Boards in other English-speaking countries; the combination of power and responsibility in a Minister, 196.—Nothing of the kind in the United States, 197. — The President's position, 198.—Possibilities suggested by the methods elsewhere; Cabinet members and Congress, 199.—VII. No far-reaching changes to be expected, 200.—Maintenance and improvement of the present system the only practicable policy, 201.

I. The ethical-juristic conception of "natural law, " as well as the natural science conception of "natural laws, " affected economic thought in the eighteenth century, 205.—Separate study of the influence of former would throw light on laissez faire, 208.—II. General meaning of Jus Naturale conception in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 209.—Of no influence on economic theories of mercantilists, it shaped those of such writers as Grotius, Pufendorf, and Hutcheson, 211.—III. The philosophy of the Physiocrats. Laws of economic process as it would go on in an ideal social order, prescribed by Nature but to be achieved by human efforts, 215.—IV. The philosophy of Adam Smith. Human propensities and sentiments, with limited amount of human planning, would produce a harmonious social order, 226.—The Theory of Moral Sentiments in relation to the Wealth of Nations, 232.—V. Summary and conclusions, 239.

I. Joint Costs a phenomenon of production; costs as flows; joint means joined, 416. — II. Joint costs with invariable proportions, 419. — Bases of cost apportionment, 420. — Relative demand schedules, 421. — Method of addition and subtraction, 424. — Arbitrary methods of allocation, 425. — Repercussions on the structure of industry, 427. — Cartellization, 429.—Vertical and lateral integration, 431. — III. Joint costs with variable proportions, 433. — Manipulating the variables of chemical equilibria, 436. — By varying concentration, 437. — Temperature, 436. — Pressure, 440. — And state of aggregation of the components, 441. — Mathematical predictability of variation, 444. — Research laboratory as systematizer of march of invention and nerve centre of control of production and marketing, 445. — IV. Nature and scope of joint costs, 448. — Element of technological compulsion vs. element of profit-maximizing variability, 449. — The problem of valuation, 450. — All the factors may vary discontinuously, 452. — Joint costs and overhead costs, 455; and decreasing costs, 459. — Conclusion, 460.

Journal Article Moore's Synthetic Economics Get access Mordecai Ezekiel Mordecai Ezekiel Federal Farm Board, Washington, D. C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 44, Issue 4, August 1930, Pages 663–679, https://doi.org/10.2307/1884028 Published: 01 August 1930

I. Formulation of the question. A brief historical survey, 381. — II. Recent discussion in Germany: Lederer, Loewe, Carrel, 386. — III. In what sense the equilibrium theory is valid, 392. — IV. The element of time differences: Rosenstein-Rodan, further elaboration, 401. — V. Time differences and the cumulation of random changes, 408. — VI. Summary, 412.