This paper formulates and estimates a model of producer behavior for U.S. manufacturing 1947-71 that simultaneously identifies substitution elasticities, scale economies, and the rate and bias of technical change. A nonhomothetic, nonneutral generalized Box-Cox cost function is employed which takes on the generalized Leontief, generalized square-root quadratic, and translog cost functions as special or limiting cases. Total factor productivity is estimated parametrically rather than being computed as the residual of growth in outputs minus growth in inputs. We find substantial economies of scale and relatively little technological change.