I. Importance for Russia of relation between agricultural and industrial cycles. — Concepts and methods of the present paper, 565. — II. Characteristics of Russia's economic system, 574. — Succession of events, 1869–1914, 576. — Resemblances with other countries and differences, 579. — Examination of correlations between crops and cycles, 580. — Summary of conclusions for the pre-war period, 586. — III. Main events of 1913–26, 589. — Complex changes and a transition period, 591.
Journal Article Equilibrium in International Trade Get access Bertil Ohlin Bertil Ohlin University of Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 43, Issue 1, November 1928, Pages 184–188, https://doi.org/10.2307/1883948 Published: 01 November 1928
I. Mr. Snyder's broad Index number, 434.—II. There is no one concept of price level that serves all purposes, 435.—III. The index appropriate for the measurements of real income, 436.—IV. That for deferred payments, 441.—V. Should the price index take account of producers' goods? 443.—VI. The price index with reference to business cycles, 445.—VII. The Snyder index as means of computing the rapidity of circulation of money, 447.
Misconceptions prevalent on Mill and Owen. — I. James Mill, Place, and Carlile, 628. — Hayward's letter of 1873 on J. S. Mill, 630 — His charges and insinuations, 631. — Mill's letter of 1868, 633 — II. Place's statement of 1823 on Owen, 633. — How intimate was Owen's connection with Neo-Malthusianism, 636 — Owen's letter of denial in 1827, 639.
Journal Article Pigou, Industrial Fluctuations Get access Warren M. Persons Warren M. Persons Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 42, Issue 4, August 1928, Pages 669–677, https://doi.org/10.2307/1882538 Published: 01 August 1928
Economists have been skeptical as to the real significance of statistical price analyses. Simplified assumptions as to nature of price determination are partly responsible, 201. — Marshall's treatment was nearer to the concrete facts, 202. — Definition of the market in time and space has an important bearing upon the meaning of the data, 203. — Actual events represent constant flux, not successive static periods, 203. — Statistics can reveal only current adjustments, not final equilibria, 203. — The type of the adjustment varies with the length of the period, 204. — The prices which directly affect production and consumption are frequently not the central market prices, 205; and non-economic factors also are involved, 206. — A curve of supply-and-price may be determined from observations in successive intervals, 207; even if demand is changing, 208. — The curve of supply-and-price is not the theoretical demand curve, 214; since reservation demands by producers may be regarded either as a demand-schedule or a supply-schedule, 215. — With regard to a price fixed by total supply, reservation demands are part of the demand schedule, 215. — But this schedule may be resolved into its components by proper statistical analyses, 216. — This involves determination (a) of the effect of price upon supply, and (b) of the effect of price upon storage, consumption, and withholdings, 217. — Price also has an effect upon subsequent production, 219. — Such changes in production are usually more important than immediate adjustments of supply to price, 220. — This is true even of durable goods, 221. — Statistical measurement of the effect of price upon production illustrated, 222. — Statistical measurements of economic reactions do not yield absolute laws, 223. — This analysis refutes some previous criticisms of the logic of statistical price studies, 224, and of the methods, 225; and indicates the statistical cautions needed to give reliable results, 226.
Nature of the data, — Tonnage of the merchant fleet, Table I, 466. — Shipping cleared in foreign trade, Table II, 469. — Entrances at London, Table III, 470. — Synoptic graph, 473. — Size of vessels, Tables IV and V, 475, 476. — Conclusion, 478.
Relative prices and the absolute height of prices. — Interest as a price, 512. — The equilibrium rate of interest is a price; how it is determined, 513. — The absolute height of prices, 515. — The bank rate, 516. — Stability of prices is possible only when the bank rate is the same as the equilibrium rate, 517. — No other device is adequate, 519. — The gold standard does not bring stability of prices, 520. — A manipulated bank rate may mitigate the instability, but with disturbing effects, 521. — Some explanations: special conditions of a progressive society; various kinds of interest rates; how the rate of interest affects prices, 523. — Dynamic as contrasted to static conditions; cyclical movements; futility of mathematical wave theories, 526.
I. The Rise and Fall of Material Culture. Population, cultivated area, and wealth have swelled and dwindled almost rhythmically for thousands of years — the moving frontier of settled agriculture. — II. Rainfall and Cultivated Area. Relation of topography to rainfall and cost of transport by zones, 48. — Significance of the alternate fallow year, 53. — Cereal and olive production the one index of economic development applicable to all periods, 54. — Extent of the economically valuable area. The change since ancient times has been economic, not geographic, 56. — III. Irrigation. Irrigation important, not so much for itself as because of its effects upon the dry-farming area. Evidence from ruins that climate has not basically changed, 58. — Ancient and modern dry-farming similar, 60. — Limited resources of North Africa in irrigation water, 65. — IV. Soil Exhaustion. Soil exhaustion rather an effect or accompaniment of economic decay than a cause, 68. — Some damage from erosion and deforestation, but this less important than commercial, social, and technical changes, 70. — V. Population and its Economic Basis. Growth of Algerian population during the past century. Professor Pearl over emphasizes war-losses, under emphasizes drought periods; but his results are extremely significant, 71. — Algeria a liability to France during the first half-century of fumbling. Followed by a half-century of progress under policies built upon knowledge of North African geography, 74. — VI. The Economics of Empire. Agricultural and administrative policies under which North Africa has prospered roughly similar in all ages, but the differences in detail are important, 79. — "Arabization" has been mainly social and economic, not biological, 82. — Economic significance of Roman and modern frontiers: the camel, the railway, and the motorcar, 83. — "Environmental resistance, " 85. — Can North Africa be a self-supporting or self-governing economic unit? 86. — The benefits of "imperialism, " 87.
The Index of the General Price Level Get access Carl Snyder Carl Snyder Federal Reserve Bank, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 42, Issue 4, August 1928, Pages 701–707, https://doi.org/10.2307/1882542 Published: 01 August 1928