A newly issued AICPA auditing standard focuses attention on analytical procedures. Regression analysis has been shown to be a useful audit tool and is used to a limited extent in practice. This study compares a univariate regression‐based decision rule with that of exponential smoothing. The effect on the regression‐based decision method when additional input information is included to develop a multivariate model is also evaluated. Comparisons are accomplished by seeding various error patterns into the audit period data and evaluating the results of the various models. The results indicate that the regression‐based decision model was at least as efficient and effective as the exponential smoothing‐based model. Additional input information into the univariate regression model to develop a multivariate model did improve auditor decisions for some types of accounts but did not significantly affect the number of incorrect rejections and/or acceptances for other types. The multivariate model did improve the achieved precision of the univariate model but still did not reach desired levels. Résumé. Dans un Auditing Standards Procedures qu'il publiait récemment, l'AICPA se penche sur les procédés analytiques. L'analyse de régression s'est révélée un instrument de vérification utile et son emploi dans la pratique est modéré, Les auteurs comparent une règle de décision fondée sur une régression comportant une seule variable aléatoire avec celle du lissage exponentiel. L'incidence d'un supplément d'information à l'entrée sur la méthode de décision fondée sur la régression permet de mettre au point un modèle à plusieurs variables aléatoires, que les auteurs évaluent également. Les comparaisons sont réalisées en introduisant divers scénarios d'erreur dans les données de la période soumise à la vérification. Les résultats de l'étude indiquent que le modèle de décision fondé sur la régression est au moins aussi efficient et efficace que le modèle fondé sur le lissage exponentiel. L'introduction d'un supplément d'information dans le modèle de régression à une seule variable aléatoire de manière à créer un modèle à plusieurs variables aléatoires a de fait amélioré les décisions du vérificateur pour certains types de comptes, mais n'a pas eu d'incidence significative sur le nombre d'erreurs de première et de seconde espèces pour d'autres types de comptes. La performance du modèle à plusieurs variables aléatoires est de fait supérieure à celle du modèle à une seule variable aléatoire, sans toutefois permettre d'obtenir les niveaux de précision souhaités.

We estimate the longer-run effects of attending an effective high school (one that improves a combination of test scores, survey measures of socioemotional development, and behaviors in ninth grade) for students who are more versus less educationally advantaged. All students benefit from attending effective schools, but the least advantaged students experience larger improvements in high school graduation, college going, and school-based arrests. Test score value-added understates the long-run importance of effective schools, particularly for less advantaged populations. Patterns suggest that this may, in part, reflect less advantaged students being relatively more responsive to non-test-score dimensions of school quality.

FEW WOULD DISAGREE that Adam Smith's invisible-hand theorem is the heart of the economist's Weltanschauung. Ask whether trade barriers should be lowered, the spread of multinational corporations restrained, oil prices deregulated, cartels dissolved, or more fundamentally whether a market-based capitalist system is economically superior to a state-run socialist system, and economists almost certainly will begin to answer the question by trying to apply the theorem. Every student knows that the theorem depends on the assumption of atomistic competition, which in turn assumes that the system is decentralized and that no competitor is large relatively to others. There is another crucial assumption, however, that is often ignored and usually underemphasized, namely that all competition is price competition. In reality one of the most distinctive features of capitalism-one that is most often raised in lay discussions of its merits and demerits-is the prevalence of other forms of competition, such as competition in research, development, and advertising; competition to obtain and hold monopoly; and competition for corporate growth. These various forms of competition, we shall aim to show, are not clearly analogous with the theory of price competition: more non-price competition, rather than less, is not necessarily Pareto optimal. Self-evidently, the production side of a market economy is decentralized only to a limited degree, i.e., to the level of a decision-making unit composed of more than one human. Such a unit-playing Neuron to the Invisible Hand-is typically called a firm. It is in fact a team. Rather than remaining small, firms are in practice composed of any number of individuals from a handful on to half a million. Some

We examine Twitter discussion of sell-side analysts’ stock recommendation revisions. While many investors lack direct access to analyst research, we observe revision-related Twitter discussion associated with approximately 90 percent of the revisions in our sample, usually within three hours of their announcement. Revision-related Twitter discussion is greater for upgrades and for analysts from larger brokerages. Examining within-revision intraday price discovery, we observe increased price discovery during intraday windows with more revision-related tweets, especially for tweets that have more user engagement, are posted by more influential authors, or involve stocks with more intense retail trading volume. We find that revision-related retail trading is more intense and better predicts future returns for revisions with more revision-related Twitter discussion. We observe no such evidence for institutional investors who have direct access to sell-side research. Our results suggest that Twitter is an important channel in facilitating price discovery following analyst revisions, particularly among retail investors.

In this article, we show that when banks increase their use of wholesale funding they shorten the maturity of loans to corporations. This effect appears to be linked to banks’ exposure to rollover risk resulting from their increasing use of short-term uninsured funding. Banks that use more wholesale funding shorten both the maturity of newly issued loans and the maturity of their loan portfolios. These results are not present among banks that rely predominantly on insured deposits. The link between wholesale funding and loan maturity is robust, and holds when we include firm-year fixed effects, suggesting that the decline in loan maturity is bank driven. In line with this premise, we find that the slope of the loan yield curve becomes steeper for banks that use more wholesale funding and that borrowers turn to the bond market to raise funding with longer maturity in response to banks’ loan maturity shortening.

This study investigates the liquidity effects of reverse stock splits using bid-ask spread, trading volume, and the number of nontrading days as proxies for the liquidity of the stock. Results indicate a decrease in bid-ask spread and an increase in trading volume after reverse splits. More importantly, the number of nontrading days significantly declines following reverse splits. For the control group, however, no such changes are observed. These results suggest that reverse splits enhance the liquidity of the stock.

Andrew C. Thompson, Valuation of Path-Dependent Contingent Claims with Multiple Exercise Decisions over Time: The Case of Take-Or-Pay, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1995), pp. 271-293

This paper provides a closed form solution for the value of a multiple claim insurance contract that is subject to a deductible amount and/or an upper limit on claims. The solution is a time integral of European option prices. The model provides three important insights. First, systematic risk in insurance policies is altered in the presence of deductibles and maximum indemnity levels. Second, idiosyncratic risk affects policy valuation and the required rates of return on underwriting portfolios. Finally, contrary to traditional actuarial intuition, changes in the risk-free interest rate may either increase or reduce policy values.

An analysis of the dual problem described by Ronn (1987) reveals that it provides a powerful and easily interpretable test for the hypothesis of a single class of marginal investors, including models of equilibrium based on a “representative tax bracket.” When Ronn's empirical tests are interpreted via the dual, they lend additional support to his conclusions in providing a strong rejection of the representative tax bracket hypothesis. A valid dual LP used to test the hypothesis can be obtained with fewer assumptions than Ronn's primal; in addition, a minor error in Ronn's presentation of the dual is corrected.