It is the purpose of this paper to show first that in a competitive system satisfying a generalized Wairas' law all principal minors of order less than n of the Jacobian determinant of the system of excess supply functions will ordinarily change sign somewhere on the domain of all positive prices whether demand is bounded or not. Conditions for uniqueness of equilibrium are proposed for the case of bounded demand which allow minors of the Jacobian to change signs. Unbounded demand was treated in Part I. Existence of equilibrium is proved under a generalized Walras law.
R. L. Basmann, D. H. Richardson, R. J. Rohr, Finite Sample Distributions Associated with Stochastic Difference Equations--Some Experimental Evidence, Econometrica, Vol. 42, No. 5 (Sep., 1974), pp. 825-839
This paper develops a dynamic model of oligopoly and discusses the existence and characteristics of optimal policies for firms in such a model. The firms are assumed to face a random demand so they hold inventories which fluctuate from one period to the next. This necessitates a dynamic model rather than a static one. Our extension of the equilibrium concept to the oligopoly model is founded on recent generalizations of Shapley's stochastic game. We show the existence of equilibrium price-quantity strategies for the firms and also (i) an equilibrium strategy may be found by solving an appropriate static game and (ii) the quantity part of the strategy is often a constant (time invariant).
[The paper presents maximum likelihood methods for estimating four types of disequilibrium models. In each case the model includes three equations: the demand equation, the supply equation, and the condition that quantity observed is the minimum of quantity demanded and quantity supplied. The first model consists of just these equations. In the second model one knows whether one is on the demand function or the supply function by looking at the direction of the change in price. In the third model the price change is assumed to be proportional to excess demand. In the fourth model the price change is a stochastic function of excess demand and possibly other exogenous variables. Some illustrative calculations are presented using the housing starts model considered by Fair and Jaffee in an earlier issue of this journal.]
An infinite horizon consumption model is considered where the labor part of income is random. An upper bound on optimal consumption is obtained by considering the expected value of the optimal return function in the deterministic labor income case. This upper bound on consumption is easily shown to be lower than the value of optimal consumption in the case where the random labor income is replaced by its mean.
A pairwise trading process is formulated subject to conditions of nonnegativity of traders' holdings and quid pro quo. It is shown that that: (i) There is a centralized procedure that achieves the equilibrium allocation for an arbitrary economy. (ii) It is not in general possible to find a decentralized procedure that achieves the equilibrium allocation for an arbitrary economy. (iii) In a monetary economy there is a decentralized procedure that achieves the equilibrium allocation. The usefulness of money is that it allows decentralization of the trading process.
[A two equation model that explains the simultaneous determination of wage and price inflation and their interaction with inflationary expectations (of the adaptive type) and real variables is presented. A dynamic definition of the long run trade off between inflation and unemployment is introduced and applied to the model in order to find conditions under which the model is stable or, in economic terminology, has a long run trade off. The model is then applied to the U.S. economy during the period 1949-1970. It is found that for all speeds of adjustment in expectations between 0 and 1 there is a permanent trade off.]
Aman Ullah, A. L. Nagar, The Exact Mean of the Two-Stage Least Squares Estimator of the Structural Parameters in an Equation Having Three Endogenous Variables, Econometrica, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Jul., 1974), pp. 749-758
In the first section of this paper the overidentifying restrictions on a system of linear simultaneous equations are expressed in terms of restrictions on the reduced form parameters. These restrictions provide the basis of a test of the structure using only the unrestricted reduced form parameter estimates. Under Ho the test proposed is asymptotically equivalent to a likelihood ratio test. The test may be applied as a single equation or complete system procedure and it may be presented as either a x2 or an F statistic. The case is also made here for system overidentification tests rather than single equation procedures, the arguments being drawn from the statistical literature on hypothesis testing by induction. The computational advantages of the present proposals are substantial when compared to FIML based likelihood -ratio tests and Monte Carlo experiments confirm that a system version of the test performs well in large samples. The system version of the test behaves like the FIML likelihood ratio test in large sample situations both under Ho and H1. However, the Monte Carlo studies indicate that both the single equation and system versions of the test perform poorly in small samples. THE AIM OF THIS paper is to investigate the possibility of deciding on the specification of a simultaneous equation model prior to the estimation of the structure. A well established test procedure is suggested which uses OLS estimates of the reduced form parameters; it enables the null hypothesis, that the model specified is not significantly different from the model which generated the sample, to be tested. Because of the one-to-one correspondence between the overidentified structure and the restricted reduced form, it is possible to make inferences about the structure from the observed compatibility of the reduced form restrictions with the sample information. In addition, the reduced form restrictions resulting from a particular equation may be isolated and tested separately, if desired. The principle underlying the test would appear to be due to Wald [17J; namely, that if the null hypothesis is correct and the structure postulated as the maintained hypothesis was responsible for the generation of the observed sample, then the unrestricted reduced form parameter estimates will tend, if the sample size is large enough, to satisfy the reduced form restrictions advanced under the maintained hypothesis. A number of problems relating to identification of linear simultaneous equations make life a little difficult and are discussed subsequently. Now, take the linear structure