Mark Penno, John S. Watts, An Independent Auditor's Ex Post Criteria for the Disclosure of Information, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 29, Studies on Accounting Institutions in Markets and Organizations (1991), pp. 194-212
This paper analyzes the valuation of a compensation contract from a manager's perspective. This perspective is appropriate, for example, in research on the incentive effects of a compensation plan, because such effects are determined by how the manager's actions affect his valuation of his compensation. In contrast, in a study of the cost-effectiveness of a compensation plan, the shareholders' perspective is appropriate. Measuring the value to a manager of his compensation is difficult because some of the diverse components of compensation packages (e.g., executive stock options and restricted stock) have payoffs that are uncertain when the compensation is granted. In most empirical studies, each component is valued independently (without consideration of the structure of the compensation package as a whole), and these values are summed. Moreover, the values are frequently determined using formulas for publicly traded securities with similar payoff structures (i.e., from the perspective of security market participants). Market imperfections create divergence between managers' and shareholders' valuations of a component of a compensation scheme. In particular, moral hazard and adverse selection issues cause shareholders to tie
Nicholas Dopuch, Ronald R. King, The Impact of MAS on Auditors' Independence: An Experimental Markets Study, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 29, Studies on Accounting Institutions in Markets and Organizations (1991), pp. 60-98
Kenton B. Walker, Lawrence A. McClelland, Management Forecasts and Statistical Prediction Model Forecasts in Corporate Budgeting, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 371-381