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Costs of Adjustment and the Spatial Pattern of a Growing Open City

Econometrica 1982 50(6), 1371
This paper investigates the effect of costs of adjustment on the dynamic characteristics of intra-urban resource allocation. The analysis is concentrated on the development pattern of an open city within a system of many cities both in steady-state and in variable-state economies. Competitive equilibrium of the urban system as a whole is also discussed and compared to Pareto optimum allocation. Some of the results that characterize the resource allocation under static analysis are reestablished for the dynamic case as well. But others that follow from comparative statics are shown to be incorrect under the dynamic analysis.

Instrumental Variables Regression with Independent Observations

Econometrica 1982 50(2), 483
INTRODUCTION THE METHOD OF INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES (IV), proposed independently by Reiersol [15] and Geary [4], is one of the most useful classes of estimation techniques available to econometricians. The method is particularly useful in the context of errors-in-variables and simultaneous equation problems, and it ineludes ordinary least squares (OLS), two-stage least squares (2SLS) (Klein [9]), three-stage least squares (3SLS) (Madansky [12]) and certain full-information maximum likelihood estimators (Hausman [7]) as special cases. To date, the definitive theoretical treatment of the instrumental variables method is that of Sargan [16]. Important contributions have also been made by Brundy and Jorgenson [!, 2]. However, this work has not established the properties of IV estimators for all of the kinds of data analyzed by economists. Sargan's work is appropriate for data which are stochastic processes of the kind considered by Koopmans, Rubin, and Leipnik 10] in their study of dynami