This paper investigates the extent of intra-industry information transfers associated with the half-yearly earnings announcements of a sample of Australian firms. The ‘omitted factor’ interpretation of Foster's (1981) results is examined using a recursive systems specification of the return generating process to model extra-market return covariation in cross-section. Although some aspects of the results do appear sensitive to the alternative methodologies, the overall conclusion is consistent with Foster (1981) and supports the existence of intra-industry information transfers associated with firms' earnings releases.

This paper reconsiders certain issues raised by Beaver and Demski (1979) regarding the nature of income measurement. Three points are made. First, it is argued that income measurement cannot, and should not be, abandoned. Second, the discussion emphasizes that the (social) usefulness of information does not depend on stockholder unanimity, the optimality of income maximization, and the structure of markets (such as complete markets). As a corollary, no apparent reasons suggest that any of the latter conditions rule out income measurement as providing useful information. Third, the paper shows how one links economic efficiency to income measurement within a standard neoclassical framework. This linkage is of interest because it is weaker than the relationship between income maximization and stockholder unanimity. The analysis contrasts stockholder unanimity theory to efficiency theory. Résumé. Cet article examine certaines questions déjà soulevées par Beaver et Demski (1979) en ce qui concerne la nature de la mesure du bénéfice. Trois points sont soulignés. Premièrement, il est soutenu que la mesure du bénéfice ne peut et ne doit être abandonnée. Deuxièmement, la discussion insiste sur le fait que l'utilité (sociale) de l'information ne dépend ni de l'unanimité au niveau des actionnaires, ni du caractère optimal de la maximisation du bénéfice, ni de la structure des marchés (comme les marchés complets). Comme corollaire, il n'existe pas de raisons apparentes laissant supposer qu'une quelconque des conditions précédentes empêche la mesure du bénéfice de générer de l'information utile. Troisièmement, l'article montre comment il est possible, dans un contexte néo‐classique normal, de lier l'efficience économique à la mesure du bénéfice. Ce lien s'avère des plus intéressant d'autant qu'il est plus faible que celui existant entre la maximisation du bénéfice et l'unanimité des actionnaires. L'analyse oppose la théorie de l'unanimité des actionnaires à la théorie de l'efficience.

We measure the differential effects on shareholder wealth and tendering behavior of any-or-all, two-tier and partial tender offers and find no evidence that shareholders are disadvantaged by front-end-loaded corporate takeovers. Shareholders fare as well when the terms of an offer for control are negotiated with target-firm management as when they are not. Most cash tender offers executed between 1981 and 1984 were negotiated, and almost all two-tier offers were negotiated.

This paper examines the impact of workers' ability to quit on the performance of labor contracts between workers and privately informed firms. While the need to induce workers to remain with the firm necessarily lowers total welfare, the effect on employment levels is to reduce the magnitude of the inefficiency due to asymmetric information, whether this inefficiency is under- or overemployment. The model predicts that employment distortions increase with the strength of lock-in effects on workers, a prediction which contrasts with the results of efficiency wage models and which may help in empirical testing of labor contract theory.

Managerial preference for accounting methods is examined with respect to the effects of the chosen methods on executives' annual compensation (salary and bonus). Two propositions are considered: (a) the bonus‐hypothesis, and (b) the rationality of compensation schemes. While the former asserts a tie between compensation and accounting income, the latter stipulates a connection between the real (cash flow) consequences of the choice of accounting methods and executives' compensation. Two accounting method changes were used: (a) the change in pension costing and funding (which increases both income and operating cash flows), and (b) the change in inventory valuation method to LIFO (which decreases income and increases cash flows). Unexpected compensations in the switch‐year were correlated with the effects of each accounting change on income. The results suggest that top executives' salary and bonus payments increased in the switch‐year beyond levels predicted by the pre‐switch compensation parameters. Several validation checks were also performed using comparison samples. Furthermore, the effects of these two accounting changes on income were found to correlate with unexpected compensation in the directions predicted by the hypothesis of rationality of compensation schemes. Résumé. Les préférences de la direction quant aux méthodes comptables sont examinées relativement aux effets des méthodes retenues sur la rémunération annuelle des dirigeants (salaries et gratifications). Deux propositions sont envisagées: (a) l'hypothèse de gratification, et (b) la rationalité des systèmes de rémunération. Alors que la première proposition affirme l'existence d'un lien entre la rémunération et le bénéfice comptable, la seconde est à l'effet qu'il existe une relation entre les conséquences réelles (flux de trésorerie) de la méthode comptable choisie et a rémunération des dirigeants. Deux types de changement de méthode comptable furent considérés: (a) le changement dans la comptabilisation des coûts et la capitalisation des régimes de retraite (augmentant à la fois le bénéfice comptable et le flux monétaire d'exploitation), et (b) le changement de méthode d'évaluation des stocks pour DEPS (diminuant e bénéfice comptable et augmentant les flux de trésorerie). Les rémunérations imprévues versées dans l'année où il y eut changement ont été corrélées aux effets de chaque modification comptable sur le bénéfice.

Richard A. Lambert, David F. Larcker, An Analysis of the use of Accounting and Market Measures of Performance in Executive Compensation Contracts, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 25, Studies on Stewardship Uses of Accounting Information (1987), pp. 85-125

A wage offer can be either acceptable or unacceptable to a worker, but in cross-sectional and panel data only acceptable wage offers are observed. An OLS wage equation will not reveal how job tenure affects wage offers but rather will reveal how tenure affects acceptable wage offers. By jointly modeling the firm's determination of the wage offer and the worker's decision to accept or reject the offer, we are able to estimate the effect of job tenure on wage offers consistently. In contrast to the usual OLS results, we find that job tenure has no statistically significant effect on wage offers.

Abnormal returns earned by target firms at the time of initial acquisition announcements are related to form of payment, degree of resistance, and type of offer. Results indicate that interdependence among these characteristics is important. Previous research suggests that tender-offer targets earn higher abnormal returns than merger targets. After controlling for payment method and degree of resistance, however, the difference in abnormal returns between tender offers and mergers is insignificant. Resisted offers are associated with insignificantly higher returns than unresisted offers. Abnormal returns associated with cash offers are significantly higher than those associated with stock offers.

We examine companies that franchise some units and centrally operate (‘own’) others. The agency problems confronting these two organizational forms are analyzed. Testable hypotheses are developed. The empirical results support the notion that owning versus franchising reflects a trade-off among agency-related problems. The cost of monitoring store managers appears to be especially important in the own/franchise decision. The level of repeat business and initial investment requirements per unit also appear to be important.