This study separates trading volume into buyer- and seller-initiated activities and examines the directional volume reaction in small and large trades to different types of earnings news. ‘Good’ (‘bad’) news triggers brief, but intense, buying (selling) in the large trades. However, a persistent period of unusually high buying activity is observed in the small trades irrespective of the news. This anomalous proclivity of small traders to buy is robust across firm size, trading volume, and different earnings expectation models. Several explanations are discussed, although the behavior does not seem fully explained by existing theories.

Abstract. This paper develops and analyzes a signaling model in which a firm discloses privately held information to investors via a forecast. The forecast is constrained by the extent to which the accounting system reflects the private information, and the extent to which estimates regarding the private information are available from other sources, such as financial analysts. The market assesses the credibility of the forecast in setting the price of the firm's stock. A partially separating equilibrium is presented. The implications of the equilibrium are consistent with empirical regularities concerning the market's reaction to management forecasts. In particular, a majority of management forecasts contain good news, forecasts containing bad news are more credible than forecasts containing good news, and stock price reactions are stronger for firms that are not followed by financial analysts. Analysis of investor returns suggests that although a more effective accounting system reduces the variance of returns, it also skews them to the left. Thus, the largest losses are from investments in firms with the most effective accounting systems. Résumé. L'auteur élabore et analyse un modèle indicateur dans lequel une entreprise communique aux investisseurs, par le truchement d'une prévision, l'information qu'elle détient à titre privilégiée. La prévision est sous contrainte dans la mesure où le système comptable reflète l'information privilégiée et les estimations relatives à l'information privilégiée peuvent être obtenues auprès d'autres sources, comme celle des analystes financiers. Le marché évalue la crédibilité de la prévision en fixant le cours de l'action de l'entreprise. L'auteur présente un équilibre partiellement intercalaire. Les conséquences de cet équilibre sont conformes à celles régulièrement observées dans les études empiriques relatives à la réaction du marché aux prévisions de la direction. On note en particulier que la majorité des prévisions de la direction renferment de l'information positive, que les prévisions qui renferment de l'information négative sont plus crédibles que les prévisions contenant de l'information positive et que les réactions touchant le cours de l'action sont plus fortes pour les entreprises qui ne sont pas suivies par des analystes financiers. L'analyse des rendements obtenus par les investisseurs laisse croire que même si un système comptable plus efficace réduit la variance des rendements, il les rend asymétriques vers la gauche. Les pertes les plus importantes sont donc liées aux investissements dans des entreprises ayant les systèmes comptables les plus efficaces.

Journal Article Sequential Vertical Integration Get access Herman C. Quirmbach Herman C. Quirmbach Iowa State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 107, Issue 3, August 1992, Pages 1101–1111, https://doi.org/10.2307/2118377 Published: 01 August 1992

Many empirical studies find that the distribution of stock returns departs from normality. In such cases, it is desirable to employ a statistical estimation procedure that may be more efficient than ordinary least squares. This paper describes various robust methods, which have attracted increasing attention in the statistical literature, in the context of estimating beta risk. The empirical analysis documents the potential efficiency gains from using robust methods as an alternative to ordinary least squares, based on both simulated and actual returns data.

Abstract. This paper reports the results of an empirical investigation of the effect of firm size on the magnitude of the long‐window earnings response coefficient (ERC). In contrast to earlier studies, we find that size is positively related to the magnitude of the long‐window ERC. This result was robust across alternative event windows (12, 15, and 24‐months). The argument advanced in the literature has been that since more information is available throughout the year for large firms, a less pronounced market reaction occurs at the earnings announcement date. Our result is not inconsistent with this since we examined the relationship over a long window. It appears that the greater availability of alternative information sources and increased search activities about large firms, rather than resulting in a weaker ERC for large firms, may actually enhance or strengthen the magnitude of the long‐window ERC. Our intepretation of this finding is that the broader set of information available about large firms enables market participants to interpret the information in the financial statements more completely and to estimate future cash flows more accurately, leading to a decreased level of system uncertainty. In addition, we present evidence that the largest response coefficients are for large nonsurvivor firms while the smallest are for small firms, both survivors and nonsurvivors. Résumé. Les auteurs rapportent les résultats d'une analyse empirique de l'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise sur l'amplitude du coefficient de réponse des bénéfices (CRB) à longue échéance. Contrairement aux études précédentes, celle‐ci débouche sur la conclusion que la taille est en relation positive avec l'amplitude du CRB à longue échéance. Ce résultat persiste, quelle que soit la période d'événements choisie (12, 15 ou 24 mois). L'explication proposée dans les travaux précédents est la suivante: puisqu'il est possible d'obtenir davantage d'information tout au long de l'année au sujet d'une grande entreprise, la réaction du marche est moins prononcée à la date de la déclaration des bénéfices. Les résultats de l'étude ne sont pas contradictoires puisque les auteurs étudient la relation à longue échéance. II semble que l'eventail plus grand du choix de sources d'information et les activités de recherche plus importantes en ce qui a trait aux grandes entreprises, plutôt que de donner lieu à un CRB plus faible dans leur cas, puissent en fait favoriser ou renforcer l'amplitude du CRB à longue échéance. Les auteurs en déduisent que le réservoir d'information plus large dont on dispose au sujet des grandes entreprises permet aux intervenants sur le marché d'interpréter les renseignements fournis dans les états financiers de façon plus complète et de mieux estimer les flux monétaires éventuels, ce qui conduit à une réduction de l'incertitude relative au système. De plus, les auteurs démontrent que les coefficients de réponse les plus élevés sont ceux des grandes entreprises qui ne survivent pas, tandis que les coefficients de réponse les plus faibles sont ceux des entreprises plus petites, qu'elles survivent ou non.

This paper tests the null hypothesis of no difference in the probability of a trade occurring at the ask using a new database containing intraday bid-ask quotes and transaction prices on both U.S. and Canadian Exchanges. We use LOGIT analysis to test the hypothesis across days of the week, price-stratified portfolios, and times of the day. We find systematic patterns in the probability of a trade at the ask resembling previously documented returns anomalies and conclude that the findings of previous weekend and intraday returns studies may be overstated. The significance of this conclusion substantially increases as one moves from the use of interday to intraday data.

The role of strategic delay is analyzed in an infinite-horizon alternating-offer model of bargaining. A buyer and seller are engaged in the trade of a single object. Both bargainers have private information about their own preferences and are impatient in that delaying agreement is costly. An equilibrium is constructed in which the bargainers signal the strength of their bargaining positions by delaying prior to making an offer. A bargainer expecting large gains from trade is more impatient than one expecting small gains, and hence makes concessions earlier on. Trade occurs whever gains from trade exist, but due to the private information, only after costly delay. Panmunjom, Korea—(UPI)—The American general and the North Korean general glared at each other across the table and the only sound was the wind howling across the barren hills outside their hut. Maj. Gen. James B. Knapp, negotiator for the United Nations Command (UNC), was waiting for Maj. Gen. Ri Choonsun of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea to propose a recess. They sat there, arms folded, for 4| hours. Not a word. Finally, Gen. Ri got up, walked out and drove away. —Evening Bulletin, Philadelphia (11 April 1969)

Paul Burkett, Robert C. Vogel; Financial Assets, Inflation Hedges, and Capital Utilization in Developing Countries: An Extension of McKinnon's Complementar

Abstract Examines participative budgeting in the context of the psychology of risk. Theoretical background on risk preferences; Empirical evidence of domain-specific risk preferences; Study design; Dispositional risk attitude measurement; Preference ratings of risk-averse versus risk-taking groups; Limitations of the study.