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Why are there such large differences in saving rates across countries? Conventional economic analyses have not been successful in explaining international saving differences, so economists have sometimes suggested that national saving differences may be explained by cultural differences. This paper tests the hypothesis that cultural factors influence saving by comparing saving patterns of immigrants to Canada from different cultures. Using data from the Canadian Survey of Family Expenditures, we find no evidence of cultural effects on saving.

We analyze Total Quality Management (TQM) from an economic and organizational perspective. We find that TQM is a new organizing technology that is science-based, non-hierarchical, and non-market-oriented. It improves productivity by encouraging the use of science in decision-making and discouraging counter-productive defensive behavior. It also encourages effective creation and use of specific knowledge throughout the organization. Effective implementation of TQM generally requires major changes in all three components of the organizational rules of the game, namely systems for allocating decision rights, performance measurement systems, and reward and punishment systems.

Abstract. The Cohen Commission and previous research have suggested that auditors' opinions are inferior indicators of bankruptcy relative to the predictions of statistical models. This research reexamines this question in light of two important considerations that make the comparison between audit opinions and model predictions considerably more reflective of the auditors' real‐world decision environment. First, the sample is partitioned into stressed and nonstressed observations and the importance of doing so is demonstrated; second, the statistical models and the forecast errors are adjusted so that they reflect the proportion of bankrupt firms actually faced by auditors. The empirical results provide convincing evidence suggesting that the notion established in previous research that auditors' opinions are interior to models in predicting bankruptcy is unfounded. It should be noted, however, that neither the auditors' opinions nor the bankruptcy prediction model are very good predictors of bankruptcy when population proportions, differences in misclassification costs, and financial stress levels are considered. Résumé. Les travaux de recherche de la Commission Cohen et d'autres travaux qui les ont précédés semblent indiquer que les opinions des vérificateurs sont des indicateurs de faillite moins efficaces que les prédictions des modèles statistiques. Les auteurs se penchent à leur tour sur cette question, à la lumière de deux éléments importants qui font en sorte que la comparaison entre les opinions des vérificateurs et les modèles prévisionnels s'inscrit beaucoup plus dans le contexte décisionnel véritable dans lequel travaillent les vérificateurs. D'abord, l'échantillon est scindé en deux groupes d'observations selon la présence ou l'absence de contrainte financière, partage dont les auteurs expliquent l'importance; ensuite, les modèles statistiques et les erreurs prévisionnelles sont ajustés de manière & refléter la proportion des sociétés dont la faillite a été envisagée par le vérificateur. Les résultats empiriques démontrent de façon probante que les conclusions tirées des travaux précédents selon lesquelles les opinions des vérificateurs sont moins efficaces que les modèles en matière de prévision des faillites ne sont pas fondées. Il convient de noter, cependant, que ni les opinions des vérificateurs ni les modèles prévisionnels ne sont des prédicteurs très efficaces des faillites si l'on tient compte des proportions de la population, des différences dans le coût des erreurs de classification et du niveau de contrainte financière.

Abstract Reviews the book `The Role of the Accountant in Strategic Planning: A Model for the 1990s,' by Crispin Simon.

The term-structure slope contains information about expected future inflation. Mishkin shows that the spread between the twelve-month and three-month interest rates helps predict the difference between twelve-month and three-month inflation. We apply a simple existing framework, which lets the real interest rate vary in the short run but converge to a constant in the long run, to this problem. The appropriate indicator of expected inflation uses the entire length of the yield curve, estimating the steepness of a specific nonlinear transformation, rather than being restricted to a spread between two points. The resulting indicator better predicts inflation, over 1960–1991.