Abstract Twenty nine universities in the U.S. offer doctoral programs that will "fit the needs of a student whose primary interest is to prepare for a career of either the teaching of accounting or research in accounting." A survey of these programs was undertaken by the Task Committee on Standards of Graduate Instruction, formed early in 1957 to succeed the Task Committee on Standards of Accounting Instruction. The article summarizes the information the committee gathered during its first year of operation. At three universities the students whose primary interest is accounting pursue their doctoral studies under the jurisdiction of the economics department. In two cases the program is jointly conducted in economics and business administration. In all other instances, the Department or School (College, Division) of Business Administration offers and administers the degree program, subject, in most instances, to general, university-wide requirements. The Committee was interested in institutional practices with respect to any student who wished to major in accounting in his doctoral program without having had the minimum course requirements for a master's degree in accounting.

Abstract The article presents devices and techniques developed by the member of accounting profession for the presentation of the knotty aspects of accounting. The first method presented focuses on the accounting problems related to business income and the cash basis. Money profits are basic to the management of a business. The cash basis, where properly applied, involves considerably more than receipts and disbursements. Accounting on the cash basis means that net income is determined by including income and gains actually or constructively received and deducting those expenses actually or constructively paid, losses sustained, and allowable depreciation or amortization for the period. Cash includes not only money but also commercial paper redeemable in money on demand such as money orders, bank drafts or checks. It does not include notes or similar promises to pay money at some future time. The general rule is that a bank check received constitutes an actual or conditional receipt, even though the holder refrains from depositing or cashing the check until a later date. Transactions near the end of the year call for decision as to the exact time receipt occurs.