The article focuses on the commercial applications of electrical data processing equipment. The development of electronic data processing equipment has given to business the opportunity to eliminate an enormous amount of clerical work. The need for data processing equipment is clearly shown by the increasing percentage and numbers of tile working force employed in clerical operations. The thesis describes how a large percentage of this clerical work can be performed on data processing systems. Five types of clerical operations are performed by most businesses. These include payroll, inventory control, purchasing, sales order handling and general and cost accounting. The procedures required to convert these clerical operations are reviewed in detail. A program for the installation of a payroll system indicates steps to be followed in making the analysis, programming, coding and conversion for the new system. Flow charts indicate the sequence in which data are handled. The use of data processing equipment to prepare budgets is described to illustrate the interpretive operations, which can be performed on this type of equipment.

The article focuses on the thesis Concepts of Depreciation and Their Implication in Accounting Theory and Practice by Phayom Bhavilai. The purpose of this thesis is to develop an appropriate accounting concept of fixed asset depreciation in compliance with the basic accounting postulates underlying present accounting practice. Investigation has been made into various conceptions of fixed asset depreciation, which have been referred to or implied in the fields of accounting, economics, law, and engineering. Theoretical analysis and comparison of these conceptions are necessary for development of the depreciation concept, which is considered most appropriate for accounting purposes. The study involves a thorough analysis of the "cost" and "value" concepts of depreciation. Evaluation is extended to the "deferred maintenance" concept under which depreciation of fixed assets is measured by the difference between the present value of fixed property and its replacement cost new. The effect of general price level changes is considered as it influences managerial judgment in selecting the depreciation base.

The article attempts to determine how a restrictive monetary policy affected the amounts, source, and cost of funds of sales finance and small loan companies. It is limited to the period between December 31, 1948 and June 30, 1934, which includes a period before and after the restrictive monetary situation from March 1951 to June 1933. Questionnaires were sent to one hundred companies to determine quantitatively and qualitatively what effect monetary policy had on their funds. Companies were segregated into sales finance and small loan groups, and then further broken down into size groups. As analysis of each division was made, qualitative and quantitative data were integrated to determine if variations were reactions to changing monetary policy. There was no discernible limitation in the total amount of funds used by these companies as an entity, but some companies were unable to get all the funds they wanted at rates they were willing to pay. This limitation was more than offset by the fact that larger companies could obtain additional funds at all times. The only possible limitation was of an indirect nature, caused by changes in terms of credit to the consumer, which were made under the influence of monetary policy.

The article focuses on an activity concept of the business enterprise and its implications in accounting theory. Two schools of thought exist as to the nature of the accounting entity, each of which is intended to serve as an integrated framework for accounting theory and each of which has been subject to many criticisms. It is a hypothesis of this dissertation that both concepts are based on assumptions with respect to the structure and behavior of a business organization that are not in accord with facts. The first objective of the study is to examine the validity of the above hypothesis; the second is to develop a realistic concept of the business enterprise. As a substitute for traditional concepts, an activity concept of a business enterprise has been developed, which is based on the idea that a business organization is a complex system of formal and informal coordinated activities for the purpose of creation or transformation and distribution of utilities. The activity concept makes it possible to join together the view that the business enterprise is a productive economic entity and the view that it is a method of doing business for participants.

The article focuses on an evaluation of annual reports of selected industrial corporations for compliance with certain standards of accounting research bulletin number 43. The study was undertaken to determine whether standards of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 43 (ARB 43) have been sufficiently accepted by the accounting profession to constitute generally accepted accounting principles. The method of the study was the evaluation of information presented in a random sample of 261 annual reports against criteria established from selected areas in ARB 43, which included inventories, depreciation and high costs, depreciation and amortization of emergency facilities, contingency reserves, and comparative statements. A request was written to the auditor, whose opinion accompanied the statements containing apparent divergencies, asking his justification of the presentation. Divergencies most frequently found in the annual reports were the omission of full information on the valuation of inventories and the omission of comparative statements.

The article focuses on the going concern regarding the concept of accounting. Postulates of accounting, among them the going concern concept, have been characterized as habits of mind. Almost every writer who has attempted a reasonably complete exposition on accounting has stated or implied acceptance of the going concern concept. This study has set forth purposes like he nature of the going concern concept, the placing of the concept in accounting, consequences of uses of the concept and the social significance of the concept. A comprehensive version of the going concern concept entails consideration of the life of the firm, the legal and social framework surrounding the accounting entity, the productive and distributive aspects of the enterprise, the financial plans of the organization, the management of the business unit, and the proprietor's expectations. Going concern concept in accounting provides a point of view to facilitate and implement assembling, communicating, and interpreting enterprise financial information. A complete application of the going concern concept would call for a reporting of those income-generating activities, which do not appear in current conventional reports.

The article focuses on the effect of accelerated depreciation on business decision. In the years immediately following World War II, considerable pressure was brought to bear for a change in an antiquated tax depreciation policy. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 finally provided a degree of liberalization. This allowed for the first time the general tax use of the declining-balance, sum-of-the-years'-digits, and similar methods in the determination of taxable income. Briefly, such "accelerated depreciation" permitted the tax-free recovery of two-thirds an asset's cost in one-half its life. Within this framework, accelerated depreciation was designed to assist modernization and to promote industrial expansion, which in turn would foster increased production and a higher standard of living. While the skeptic might view this as a rationalization of a tax favor to the business sector, it was clear that many considered the new depreciation methods a promising means of stimulating investment. In brief, it was concluded that while the stimulus of prospective tax savings does exist, it is so small as to be dwarfed into insignificance by other parameters typical of business investment planning.

The article presents a study to evaluate assembly costing in the aircraft industry, the methods of budgeting and budgetary control and the system of managerial reports, through first-hand observation and experience. The aircraft industry has accounted for costs incurred 'on a contract by lot only and on a "non-pyramided" basis. The resulting time lag gave inadequate cost information and control. A new division manager installed a system of budgets and cost controls. The system of budgets depends on two key instruments: the project budget and the overhead budget. The project budget is prepared from the bid estimate upon which the contract is negotiated and is a detailed account of the expected cost to manufacture a certain number of airplanes. The overhead budget is prepared some months prior to the beginning of the fiscal year and is a detailed estimate of indirect costs for the year ahead. In the aircraft industry, where conditions change drastically and frequently, long-range forecasting is very difficult.

The article presents an analysis of current theory and practice regarding elements of cost included in inventory by manufactures. One of the traditional ideas in accounting is that inventory cost for manufacturing concerns should include manufacturing costs, but exclude non-manufacturing costs. Since inventory valuation has a direct effect on the income reported for an accounting period and since many groups are interested in the income of corporations engaged in manufacturing operations, it seems desirable that there be some uniformity of practice, at least within each industry, as to the particular cost elements, which become product costs and those which are treated as costs chargeable to the period. In the approach to the subject two major hypotheses were set up to be tested: whether traditional theory provides a sound and workable guide as to which items are includible in inventory of manufacturers and whether practice of companies complies with this traditional theory, and if not, the extent of variation and reasons for the practices found. Profit determination, including inventory valuation, was accepted as the function of cost accounting to be given primary emphasis in this study.

The article focuses on the non-factory costs and the period concept and an analysis of certain accounting practices in manufacturing enterprises and their effects on reports to marketing management. Sales result in part from marketing effort measured by expenses or costs incurred in periods preceding that in which the sales materialize. Consistently, parts of current marketing costs are related to sales of future periods. If current marketing expenses are matched against current sales, the net income or contribution resulting may be an imperfect measure of operating results. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these statements critically, through an examination of corporate accounting practices relating marketing costs to sales. Objectives include the identification of marketing activities that give rise to costs affecting sales of future periods, and determination of the extent to which conventional accounting practices in handling marketing costs may give rise to distortion of income. Present business practice, with limited exceptions, is to charge current marketing costs against current sales. This is true whether or not situations occur that cause marketing effort to be directed toward future sales.